cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental disorders

what is the most common neurodevleopmental disorder

cerebral palsy

what is the main form of cerebral palsy

spastic (then dyskinetic)

aeitology of cerebral palsy

• brain injury

• neurodevelopmental disorder

• root cause is unknown

risk factors for cerebral palsy development

• Oxygen deprivation during birth

• Pre-term birth

• Genetics (minor factor)

• Twin births

• Low socioeconomic status

• Low birth weight (foetal growth restriction)

• Maternal infection (e.g. rubella, herpes simplex)

• Perinatal stroke (in the baby)

pathophysiology of cerebral palsy

• damage to white matter in certain area

• hypoxia creates pro inflammatory microglia which creates hpomyelination

• creates cognitive, sensory and motor deficits

site of injury for spastic CP

motor cortex

site of injury for dyskinetic cp

basal ganglia

site of injury for ataxic cp

cerebellum

what causes the scissoring gait

diplegia

(hypertonia and muscle legs)

effects of spastic cp

• scissoring gait

• affected speaking, swallowing and vision

effects of dyskinetic cp

• athetosis - slow writhing movements

• chorea - dance like or irregular movements

• dystonia - repeated twisting and abnormal postures

dystonia

repeated twisting and abnormal postures

effects of ataxic cp

• problems with co-ordination and balance

problems faced with cerebral palsy

• intellectual disability (not caused by cp)

• seizures

• bones and joint problems

• chronic paint

treatment for cerebral palsy

• no cure

• physiotherapy

• speech and language therapy

• muscle relaxants

• surgery

• pain relief meds

prevention for cerebral palsy

• hypothermia treatment for hypoxia during birth

• not applicable to pre term babies

what chromosome deletion causes williams

• chromosome 7

what deletion causes angelman

• deletion of gene on maternal chromosome 15

what deletion causes prader willi syndrome

• deletion on paternal chromosome 15

effects of williams syndrome

• chubby face

• abnormalities in frontal cortex and cerebellum

• difficulties in motor tasks, visual-spatial tasks

• highly sociable

which neurodevelopmental disorder is highly sociable

williams

traits of angelman syndrome

• characteristic appearance

• seizures

• ataxia

• learning difficulties

• uncontrolled laughter

brain regions affected in angelman syndrome

• hippocampus - cognitive deficits

• cortex, cerebellum - motor deficits

traits of prader willi syndrome

• small hands overweight

• harvey price

• spoken language is poor but comprehension is better

• insatiable appetite

what is there underdevelopment of in prader willi syndrome

• regions of basal ganglia

• amygdala

• hippocampus

• hypothalamus

• cerebellum