FINAL EXAM (MORE INFO)

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199 Terms

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Biome

A specific area on Earth determined by its climate.

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Vertebrate

Animal with a backbone.

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Invertebrate

Animal without a backbone.

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Porifera

Example: Sponge; has radial symmetry and spicules for structure.

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Cnidarians

Example: Jellyfish, Coral; radial symmetry, nematocysts for stinging.

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Flatworms

Example: Tapeworms; bilateral symmetry, parasitic, specialized mouth.

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Mollusks

Soft-bodied animals like snails, clams, and squids.

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Annelida

Example: Earthworms; segmented body, hermaphroditic, regenerative.

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Roundworms

Bilateral symmetry, parasitic, mainly in the gut.

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Echinoderms

Example: Sea Stars, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin; radial symmetry, water vascular system.

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Arthropods

Insects, crustaceans, arachnids; segmented bodies, exoskeletons, jointed legs.

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Phylum Chordata

Animals with a tail, notochord, nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches.

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Jawless Fish

Example: Lamprey Eel; cartilaginous, cold-blooded, gills for oxygen.

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Cartilage Fish

Example: Sharks, Stingray; cartilaginous skeleton, sandpaper-like skin.

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Bony Fish

Have bones, scales, and travel in schools.

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Amphibians

Example: Frogs, Salamanders; moist skin, lay eggs in water.

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Reptiles

Have dry scaly skin, lay eggs on land, breathe through lungs.

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Aves (Birds)

Have wings, feathers, hollow bones, imprinting behavior.

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Mammals

Have hair, mammary glands, solid bones, warm-blooded, diverse reproductive strategies.

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Involuntary Muscles

Muscles not under conscious control

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Voluntary Muscles

Muscles under conscious control

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue found in organs, lacks striations, and is involuntary

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue found only in the heart, has faint striations, and is involuntary

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue that maintains body temperature, provides structure, is voluntary, and striated

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Epimysium

Membrane covering all muscles

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Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers

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Myofilament

Structure inside muscle fiber

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Actin and Myosin

Proteins forming muscle striations

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Neuromuscular Junction

Connection between nerve and muscle

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Acetylcholine (AcH)

Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction

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Muscle Tone

State of continuous muscle contraction

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Muscle Fatigue

Result of overusing muscles, leading to cramps, spasms, and tics

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Antagonist Muscle

Muscle that relaxes when agonist contracts

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Flexion

Movement towards the body

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Extension

Reaching outward movement

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Rotation

Circular motion

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Eversion

Outward turning of the feet

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Inversion

Inward turning of the feet

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Integumentary System

System comprising the skin, the body's largest organ

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Keratin

Tough waterproof protein in skin and nails

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Melanin

Pigment darkening the skin, protecting from UV rays

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Dermis

Living skin layer with blood vessels and hair follicles

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Hypodermis

Layer of fat connecting skin to muscles, acting as a cushion

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Exocrine Gland

Gland secreting substances out of the body

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Endocrine Gland

Gland secreting substances directly into the body

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Nervous System

Body's major communication system

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Central Nervous System

Includes brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Comprises all nerves outside CNS

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Neuron

Basic nerve cell

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Motor Neuron

Carries impulses from brain

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Sensory Neuron

Transmits impulses to the brain

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Mixed or Associative Neuron

Performs both sensory and motor functions

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Neuroglia Cells

Support cells for neurons

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Astrocyte

Star-shaped cell aiding nutrient transfer

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Microglia

Cells monitoring neuron health

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Ependymal

Cells lining brain and spinal cord cavities

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Oligodendrocyte

Produces myelin sheath for nerve signal efficiency

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Satellite Cell

Surrounds and supports neurons in PNS

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Schwann Cell

Produces myelin sheath for motor nerves

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Stimulus

Any change detected by the nervous system

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Impulse

Chemical-electrical signal in neurons

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Dendrite

Receives stimuli and converts to impulses

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Nucleus

Control center of the neuron

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Axon

Carries impulses away from cell body

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Myelin Sheath

Speeds up impulse transmission and maintains it

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Neurilemma

Aids in repairing damaged neurons

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Synapse

Small gap between nerve cells for signal transmission

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals facilitating nerve impulse transmission

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Polarize

Nerve at rest with specific ion distribution

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Depolarize

Switching of nerve membrane permeability

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Closed Circulatory System

Blood always contained in blood vessels

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Blood

Fluid connective tissue with varying volumes in males and females

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Type A Blood

Blood type with specific protein coating

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Type B Blood

Blood type with distinct protein coating

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Type O Blood

Most common blood type with no protein coating

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Type AB Blood

Universal receiver blood type

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Type (O-) Blood

Universal donor blood type

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Type AB Blood

Result of mutation combining type A and type B blood

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Rh Factor

Determines blood type positivity or negativity

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Anemia

Condition with lower red blood cell count

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Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder causing misshapen red blood cells

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White Blood Cells

Largest but least numerous blood cells with nucleus for reproduction

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Leukemia

Condition of excessive white blood cells

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Platelets

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting

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Scab Formation

Process involving platelets, plasma proteins, and clotting substances

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Plasma

Liquid component of blood with various functions

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Arteries

Strong blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

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Veins

Blood vessels carrying blood to the heart with collapsible walls

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Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels facilitating nutrient and waste exchange

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Pulmonary Circulation

Blood flow from heart to lungs for gas exchange

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Systemic Circulation

Blood flow from heart to body for oxygen distribution

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Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of heart muscle contractions and blood flow

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Blood Pressure

Force exerted by the heart to pump blood

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Systole

Heart's blood-pumping period

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Red Blood Cells

Most numerous blood cells without nucleus, containing hemoglobin

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Heart

Central organ of the circulatory system with four chambers

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Diastole

Heart's blood-filling period

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Lymph

Fluid derived from plasma, containing water, proteins, and specialized cells.

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Extracellular fluid

Fluid that forms when plasma leaves the blood and enters surrounding tissue.

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Lymphocyte

A type of blood cell found in lymph, involved in immune responses.