FINAL EXAM (MORE INFO)

Biome

A specific area on Earth determined by its climate.

Vertebrate

Animal with a backbone.

Invertebrate

Animal without a backbone.

Porifera

Example: Sponge; has radial symmetry and spicules for structure.

Cnidarians

Example: Jellyfish, Coral; radial symmetry, nematocysts for stinging.

Flatworms

Example: Tapeworms; bilateral symmetry, parasitic, specialized mouth.

Mollusks

Soft-bodied animals like snails, clams, and squids.

Annelida

Example: Earthworms; segmented body, hermaphroditic, regenerative.

Roundworms

Bilateral symmetry, parasitic, mainly in the gut.

Echinoderms

Example: Sea Stars, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin; radial symmetry, water vascular system.

Arthropods

Insects, crustaceans, arachnids; segmented bodies, exoskeletons, jointed legs.

Phylum Chordata

Animals with a tail, notochord, nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouches.

Jawless Fish

Example: Lamprey Eel; cartilaginous, cold-blooded, gills for oxygen.

Cartilage Fish

Example: Sharks, Stingray; cartilaginous skeleton, sandpaper-like skin.

Bony Fish

Have bones, scales, and travel in schools.

Amphibians

Example: Frogs, Salamanders; moist skin, lay eggs in water.

Reptiles

Have dry scaly skin, lay eggs on land, breathe through lungs.

Aves (Birds)

Have wings, feathers, hollow bones, imprinting behavior.

Mammals

Have hair, mammary glands, solid bones, warm-blooded, diverse reproductive strategies.

Involuntary Muscles

Muscles not under conscious control

Voluntary Muscles

Muscles under conscious control

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue found in organs, lacks striations, and is involuntary

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue found only in the heart, has faint striations, and is involuntary

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue that maintains body temperature, provides structure, is voluntary, and striated

Epimysium

Membrane covering all muscles

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers

Myofilament

Structure inside muscle fiber

Actin and Myosin

Proteins forming muscle striations

Neuromuscular Junction

Connection between nerve and muscle

Acetylcholine (AcH)

Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction

Muscle Tone

State of continuous muscle contraction

Muscle Fatigue

Result of overusing muscles, leading to cramps, spasms, and tics

Antagonist Muscle

Muscle that relaxes when agonist contracts

Flexion

Movement towards the body

Extension

Reaching outward movement

Rotation

Circular motion

Eversion

Outward turning of the feet

Inversion

Inward turning of the feet

Integumentary System

System comprising the skin, the body's largest organ

Keratin

Tough waterproof protein in skin and nails

Melanin

Pigment darkening the skin, protecting from UV rays

Dermis

Living skin layer with blood vessels and hair follicles

Hypodermis

Layer of fat connecting skin to muscles, acting as a cushion

Exocrine Gland

Gland secreting substances out of the body

Endocrine Gland

Gland secreting substances directly into the body

Nervous System

Body's major communication system

Central Nervous System

Includes brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Comprises all nerves outside CNS

Neuron

Basic nerve cell

Motor Neuron

Carries impulses from brain

Sensory Neuron

Transmits impulses to the brain

Mixed or Associative Neuron

Performs both sensory and motor functions

Neuroglia Cells

Support cells for neurons

Astrocyte

Star-shaped cell aiding nutrient transfer

Microglia

Cells monitoring neuron health

Ependymal

Cells lining brain and spinal cord cavities

Oligodendrocyte

Produces myelin sheath for nerve signal efficiency

Satellite Cell

Surrounds and supports neurons in PNS

Schwann Cell

Produces myelin sheath for motor nerves

Stimulus

Any change detected by the nervous system

Impulse

Chemical-electrical signal in neurons

Dendrite

Receives stimuli and converts to impulses

Nucleus

Control center of the neuron

Axon

Carries impulses away from cell body

Myelin Sheath

Speeds up impulse transmission and maintains it

Neurilemma

Aids in repairing damaged neurons

Synapse

Small gap between nerve cells for signal transmission

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals facilitating nerve impulse transmission

Polarize

Nerve at rest with specific ion distribution

Depolarize

Switching of nerve membrane permeability

Closed Circulatory System

Blood always contained in blood vessels

Blood

Fluid connective tissue with varying volumes in males and females

Type A Blood

Blood type with specific protein coating

Type B Blood

Blood type with distinct protein coating

Type O Blood

Most common blood type with no protein coating

Type AB Blood

Universal receiver blood type

Type (O-) Blood

Universal donor blood type

Type AB Blood

Result of mutation combining type A and type B blood

Rh Factor

Determines blood type positivity or negativity

Anemia

Condition with lower red blood cell count

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder causing misshapen red blood cells

White Blood Cells

Largest but least numerous blood cells with nucleus for reproduction

Leukemia

Condition of excessive white blood cells

Platelets

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting

Scab Formation

Process involving platelets, plasma proteins, and clotting substances

Plasma

Liquid component of blood with various functions

Arteries

Strong blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels carrying blood to the heart with collapsible walls

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels facilitating nutrient and waste exchange

Pulmonary Circulation

Blood flow from heart to lungs for gas exchange

Systemic Circulation

Blood flow from heart to body for oxygen distribution

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of heart muscle contractions and blood flow

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by the heart to pump blood

Systole

Heart's blood-pumping period

Red Blood Cells

Most numerous blood cells without nucleus, containing hemoglobin

Heart

Central organ of the circulatory system with four chambers

Diastole

Heart's blood-filling period

Lymph

Fluid derived from plasma, containing water, proteins, and specialized cells.

Extracellular fluid

Fluid that forms when plasma leaves the blood and enters surrounding tissue.

Lymphocyte

A type of blood cell found in lymph, involved in immune responses.