Other Social Movements of the 1960s-1970s

Civil Rights Movement Model

-Nonviolent protest

-Court challenges

-Media strategy

-Grassroots organizing

Women’s Movement: Second-wave feminism

-Workplace inequality

-Educational access

-Legal discrimination

Women’s Movement: NOW (National Organization for Women)

-Legal advocacy

-Equal employment

-Reproductive rights

Women’s Movement: Key legislation

-Equal Pay Act (1963)

-Title IX (1972)

Women’s Movement: ERA

-Constitutional equality

-Conservative opposition

-Failed ratification

Environmental Movement: Rising awareness

-Industrial pollution

-Health consequences

-Government inaction

Environmental Movement: Silent Spring

-Chemical dangers

-Public alarm

-Policy change pressure

Environmental Movement: Federal action

-EPA creation

-Clean Air Act

-Clean Water Act

Chicano Movement: Goals

-Educational equity

-Labor rights

-Political representation

Chicano Movement: UFW (United Farm Workers)

-Grape boycott

-Nonviolent tactics

-National consumer support

American Indian Movement (AIM): issues

-Treaty violations

-Police harassment

-Poverty on reservations

American Indian Movement (AIM): Wounded Knee

-Took place at Wounded Knee, South Dakota

-Organized by American Indian Movement (AIM)

-Protested treaty violations and federal neglect

-Site chosen for historical symbolism (1890 -massacre)

-Occupation lasted about 71 days

-Federal standoff

-Demanded Native sovereignty and self-determination

-Drew national media attention to Native issues

LGBTQ+ Movement: Pre-Stonewall repression

-Police raids

-Criminalization

LGBTQ+ Movement: Stonewall Uprising (1969)

-Resistance to police

-Occurred in New York City at the Stonewall Inn

-LGBTQ+ bar frequently targeted by police raids

-June 1969 raid led to spontaneous resistance

-Protests lasted several days

-Marked a turning point in LGBTQ+ activism

-Shift from quiet accommodation to open resistance

-Inspired formation of new activist groups (GLF, GAA)

-Birth of modern movement

LGBTQ+ Movement: Early organizing

-Pride marches

-Visibility and advocacy

Key Takeaways

-The Civil Rights Movement inspired many other groups to demand equality

-Different movements faced different forms of discrimination

-Many borrowed Civil Rights strategies (nonviolence, protest, legal action)

-Some movements emphasized identity and pride

-Legal change did not always equal lived equality

-Activism expanded beyond race to gender, labor, sexuality, and sovereignty

-Protest tactics ranged from lawsuits to boycotts to direct action

-The era reshaped how Americans understood rights and citizenship