EE

Local Regulation Air Quality

Local Regs. before federal law due to visibility of smog

Industrial Smog

SOx, and Particulate Matter (PM)
from industrial revolution

Photochemical Smog

comes from vehicle emissions VOC+NOX+Sunlight---->03(ground level)

concerns CO2,H20,NOX,SOX,Pb,Hg,PM

Air Pollution control Act

1955
1st federal initiative, funded research
no regulatory control no standards
amendments to APCA comprise the Clean Air Act

Clean Air Act

Epa must establish air and emission standards

Air Quality Standards

epa created NAtional Ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)

Primary Stand

protect human health w/ a margin of safety

Secondary Stand

more stringent and more protecgive of human health

epa identified Six Primary Pollutatnts

C0, Pb, NO2,SO2,O3,PM10&PM2.5

Emissions Standards

epa identified a program that sets up new source performance standards, standards recognize mobile and stationary sources

1970 CAA Amndmend

phohibit reduction in air qulaity in regions that already had poor air quality however this prevented industrial expansion and was too restrictive

1977 Amendment CAA

allowed to reduce air quality as long as you stayed within the standards
remained> NAAQS and use best available control technology (BACT)

1990 Amendement CAA

had local and global effects, acid rain program, National Emissions Standards for hazardous air pollutnats (NESHAP) *list of baddies, very hard to remove from list, phase out of ozone-depleting substances, new automobile/fuel standards

Carbon Monoxide

colorless, oderless,tasteless,poison, occurs from incomplete combustion, 80% is from transportation, it is an asphyxiant

Nitrogen Oxides

includes NO, and NO2, two sources combustion, and oxidation of nitrogen bound to fuel molecules which is the dominant form of NOX found in the atmosphere, 95% starts as NO and easliy becomes NO2, NOX is also invloved in formation of o3, NO2 is a lung irritant

Volatile Organic Compounds

NOT a priority pollutant but is still regulated, Human source is 50% transportation and 50% industrial solvents and fuels, Natural Source is trees whihc is a significant contributor, primarily an indoor risk

Ground Level Ozone O3

Priority pollutnat, not tracked directly--->measure NOX and VOC precursors, primary source: automobilese, Respitory and long effects, biological and material damage

Sulfor Oxide SOX

primary source: coal fired power plants, 1-6% S in coal, most common is SO2 which beomces H2SO4 in astmosphere, can condense on PM and lead to acid rain ph

Particulate Matter

dispersed matter .005-100 micrometers diameter, Sources: direct emission (soot, incomplete combustion),formation in atmosphere (acid)

1987 PM

regulates coarse PM, 2.5< diam

1997 PM

regulates fine PM diam

PM settles with modified stokes law ... equation

v= d^2pg/18m m=.0172 g/m*s lung irritatnt, plus anything sorbed

Lead

primary source: anti knock additive Pb(C2H5)4 in gasoline, emmitted as PM, settled near roadways

lead 1970

autocompanies had to redyce C0, NOX, VOCs so they switched to catalytic converters that do no like lead, we are now concerned with infdoor expsorier like paint, pipe, Health effects inslude aggression learning disabilities, and brain damage