Enlightenment and French Revolution Study Guide

Practice questions and answers covering Enlightenment philosophers (Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Smith, Wollstonecraft) and the early stages of the French Revolution (Estates General, National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath, and the Three Estates).

What was the Enlightenment?

A time period where philosophers were trying to make a better society by applying the Scientific knowledge and reason to social problems

According to Thomas Hobbs, what was life like in the state of nature before government?

Brutal and violent

What book did Thomas Hobbs write?

levihthan

What type of leader did Thomas Hobbs believe people must be governed by?

An absolute ruler with complete power

What book did John Locke write?

Two Treaties of Government

According to John Locke, what are the three natural rights people are born with?

Life, Liberty and property

What did John Locke believe people could do if the government interfered with their natural rights?

Over throw the government

Which document is based on John Locke's beliefs?

The Declaration of Indexendence

What were Enlightenment intellectuals from France called?

Phillosophes

What was the name of the book written by Montesquieu?

Spirit of the Law

What three branches of government did Montesquieu say were needed for a true democracy?

1. legislative, 2. Judical, 3. Executive

What religious belief did Voltaire champion, comparing the world to a clock?

Deism

What specific freedoms did Voltaire believe in?

Freedom of Speech and religious toleration

Where are some of Voltaire's ideas adopted in the United States?

The Bill of Rights (First $10$ amendments)

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe in?

Equality for Women

Who is known as the Father of modern economics and wrote the wealth of nations?

Adam Smith

What was Adam Smith's view on government involvement in economic matters?

The government should not interfere

What did the Law of the Fourth of August abolish?

tithes and feudal dues

What document, written by the National Assembly, was inspired by the Declaration of Indexendence and the Constitution?

The Declaration of Rights

What three freedoms were guaranteed to citizens in The Declaration of Rights?

Freedom of speech, press, and religion

Who marched to Versailles in October of $1789$ demanding bread?

Thousands of angry Women

What kind of government was set up by The Constitution of $1791$?

A limited monarchy

In the National Assembly, who sat on the Left and what did they want?

Radicals; they wanted a reaplic

In the National Assembly, who sat on the Right and what did they want?

Royalist; wanted a Monarchy

Into what disguise did Louis XVI and marie Antionette put themselves during their escape attempt?

peasants

What were the major problems facing France leading up to the revolution?

Growing population, High cost of living, Financial Problems (Wars and lifestyle of louis the XIV-14), and Crop failure (bread shortages)

Who became King of France in $1774$?

Louis XVI

Why did Louis XVI call the meeting of the Estates General in $1789$?

He wanted them to agree to tax the first and Second estates to help with financial problems

How many votes did each estate have in the Estates General?

$1$ vote

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

A pledge by the National assemably that they would not leave until they had written a New Constitution for France

When did a mob attack the bastille in Paris?

$$June\,4,\,1789$$

What was the wave of violence that spread through the countryside after the attack on the Bastille called?

The great fear

What is the definition of Emigres?

Supporters of the King who fled France

What group made up the First estate and what percentage of the population did they represent?

Catholic Klergy; $\mathbf{1\%}$ of population

What group made up the Second estate and what percentage of the land did they control?

Nobles; $\mathbf{25\%}$ of the land

Who made up the third estle and what percentage of the population were they?

Doctors, lawyers, business owners, artist, teachers, peasants, bourgeoisie (middle class); $\mathbf{97\%}$ of population