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The cause of a disease it known as
etiology
Long lasting effects from an acute illness are referred to
as sequelae
Iatrogenic reactions are
adverse responses due to treatment itself
Idiopathic reactions are adverse events with
no known etiology
A group of signs and symptoms are referred to as
syndrome
symptoms are defined as
subjective patient perceptions of their disease
signs are defined as
observable manifestations
The diagnosis of a disease is termed the
identification of the disease
predicted outcome is termed the
prognosis
Diseases that add atomic number, thickness or density (concentration of matter) are known as?
additive
The epidemiology of disease is the
investigation of disease in large groups.
prevalance is termed
the number of cases in a population of disease
incidence is termed
the number of new cases found in a given period of disease.
The mortality rate refers to
average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population
Morbidity refers to
incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with a person's normal routine.
The 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes in each cell along with a sex chromosome ( XX for female, XY for male) make up what is known as the?
Human genome
Congenital diseases are
inherited
One of the major causes of congenital diseases are
abnormalities in the number of chromosomes.
Each parent normally delivers 22 autosomal (non-sex) chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome to each cell for a total of?
46 chromosomes
In the case of Down syndrome, there ends up being?
1 extra chromosome 21
What % of all live births show one or more congenital diseases?
2-3%
What is caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to child through abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes?
Hereditary diseases
A disease that results from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent?
Inflammation
Infective diseases are caused by?
Invasion by microorganisms
Toxic diseases are caused by?
Poisoning by biologic substances
Allergic diseases caused by?
Overreaction of body's own defenses
Autoimmune disorders are?
Disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient's own tissues
Rheumatoid arthritis is a autoimmune disorder where?
the body attacks joints and causes swelling of synovial membranes
Capillary dilation causes?
Increased blood flow
Increased capillary permeability causes?
Extravasation of fluid
Attraction of leukocytes causes?
attraction of white blood cells to site of necrosis
Systemic response causes?
Fever leukocytosis
Factors affecting the rate of aging are?
Atherosclerosis, Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis
Metabolic Disease is caused by?
the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body
Endocrine disorders include?
Hypersecretion, Insufficient secretion
Traumatic Disease may result from?
mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the body
Neoplastic disease results in?
new, abnormal tissue growth
Benign tumors are denoted by?
the suffix "oma"
Malignant tumors are denoted by adding the tissue type to the word root?
- adeno = tissue type meaning glandular and carcinoma indicating cancer.
TNM system emerged in the?
1950s and endorsed by AJCC
T- is?
tumor size
N— is?
Node (lymph node involvement)
M— is?
metastases
What is pathogenesis?
the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes
Compact Bone
dense, outer portion of the bone
Cancellous bone
what the medullary cavity is made up of
Trabeculae
weblike bony structure referred to as trabecular pattern
Osteoblasts
bone forming cells responsible for bone growth and thickening, ossification and regeneration
Osteoclasts
cells responsible for bone remodeling
Diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
Epiphysis
expanded end of long bone
Metaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Synarthrodial
immoveable joint
Amphiarthrodial
slightly moveable joint
diarthroidal
freely moveable joint
MRI shows what best
soft tissues, joints and bone marrow
CT shows what best
Shows cortical bone better than MRI and helical CT is often used to explore bone tumors due to its high contrast
Quantitative computed tomography (QCT)
used in evaluating bone mass loss, especially within the vertebral bodies of the spine.
Nuc Med/PET
Modality of choice in detection and staging of metastatic disease
Nuc Med and PET are used to diagnose
osteomyelitis, trauma, inflammatory and degenerative arthritis, avascular necrosis, osteonecrosis of the mandible, condylar hyperplasia, metabolic bone disease, Paget disease, bone graft viability, complications of the prosthetic joints, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
(Brittle Bone Disease)
•Congenital
• Autosomal dominant
• Bowing, fractures, lack of density
• Requires decreased exposure factors
• RA decreased calcium, bowing, fx's
Achondroplasia
Normal trunk size, short extremities
•Failure of cartilage at epiphysis in
long bones to convert to normal bone
•RA - Long bones are short
• Bone age studies can be used to indicate normal vs abnormal
bone growth
The Ilizarov procedure has been used in
an attempt to lengthen the shortened limbs in achondroplasia patients
Osteopetrosis
•Increased bone density, defective
contour of bones
Effects long bones, spine, pelvis
Requires increased exposure
• Includes several diseases:
- Craniotubular dysplasias - Albers-Schonberg Disease
Syndactyly
webbed toes
Polydactyly
extra fingers or toes
Clubfoot (Talipes)
• Inverted feet
• Unable to bear wt.
It is diagnosed by use of the Kites position and is corrected through splinting. It is most common in males.
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine
Transitional vertebrae
•Vertebra takes on appearance of
vertebra on each side of major
spinal division
Most common between thoracic and lumbar
Spinal bifida
•Incomplete closure of vertebral arch
No spinous process in back
meningocele
Herniation of meninges only
Meningomyelocele
Herniation of the meninges and spinal cord
Anencephaly
• Lack of brain or cranial vault
May have normal facial bones
Death shortly after birth
developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
A malformation of the acetabulum the acetabulum does not form completely, the head of the femur is displaced superiorly and posteriorly. Diagnosed using sonography
Osteomyelitis
•Infection of the bone and/or bone marrow
with pathogenic bacteria
•Dense bone (sequestrum) surrounded
by decreased density (involucrum)
Does not show on radiograph for 10 - 14 days
DX by nuc med and MRI
Potts Disease (TB of bone)
•Bacterial inflammatory disease
• Commonly effects hip, knee &
spine
•RA - Worm-eaten appearance
• Starts in epiphysis & may involve articular cartilage &
joint space
• May result in softening & collapse
of vertebrae
Degenerative arthritis
Effects articular cartilage
Inflammatory arthritis
Effects synovial membranes
Infectious Arthritis
•Caused by pyogenic bacteria
• RA - Increased joint space with
bony destruction
• Tx - Antibiotic therapy
Rheumatoid Arthritis
•Inflammatory disease with adult onset 30 - 40 yrs. old
• Overgrowth of synovial membranes
• Effects peripheral joints of hands & feet first
• RA ankylosis of joints, dislocation
• Requires increased exposure
ankylosing spondylitis
•May be termed "spondylitis"
• Arthritis of the spine
• Adult onset 20 - 40 yrs. old
• RA - Bamboo Spine, rigid fused spine
• Requires increased exposure
• May be hereditary
Gouty arthritis
•Results from increase in uric acid salts in joint spaces
• Inherited metabolic disease
• Often effects metatarsophalangeal jt.
• Assoc. with radiolucent kidney
stones
Osteoarthritis
•Degenerative joint disease effecting cartilage
• May be
1) Primary - Normal deterioration of
joint
2) Secondary - Result of trauma or other disease conditions
• RA - Narrowed joint space, possible
osteophytes
• Tx non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), exercise & surgery
• Requires decreased exposure
spondylosis causes
degeneration of the joints and vertebrae.
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane enclosing it
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae
Ganglion cysts
Cystic swelling connected with a tendon sheath in a joint space
Osteoporosis
•Abnormal decrease in bone density
• Primarily post-menopausal disease
• Lack of osteoblastic activity
• Hormonal, dietary factors contribute to disease
• RA - Most noticeable in spine (compression fx.'s) with osteopenia
• Requires decreased exposure factors
DX with DEXA scan
Osteomalacia
•Failure of bones to calcify
• Occurs due to inability to absorb calcium, vitamin D & phosphorus
• Dx - Best dx. with lab tests
• RA - Osteopenia with bands of
radiolucency in bone (peudofractures),
otherwise similar to osteoporosis
Known as Rickets if it occurs before growthplate closure (gowth plates look fuzzy)
Requires decreased exposure
Pagets Disease
•Metabolic disorder characterized
by bony destruction (osteolytic stage)
and over-replenishment (osteoblastic stage) with poorly mineralized bone
• Etiology unknown
•Effects men more often than women
• May lead to fractures & nerve
impingement
• RA - Mixed areas of radiolucent &
radiopaque densities
• Requires increased exposure
Occult fractures
Indicated by the posterior or supinator fat pads
(not normally seen) on a lateral radiograph of the elbow.
Colles fracture
Fracture of the distal of radius with posterior displacement of the fracture often accompanied by an avulsion fracture of the distal ulna.
Monteggias fracture
Fracture of the proximal ulna with radial head dislocation
Potts fracture
Fracture of the distal tibia and fibular malleoli, with ankle dislocation.
Tri malleolar fracture
Involves the lateral malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia, which can be termed the posterior malleolus. The trauma is sometimes accompanied by ligament damage and dislocation.
Linear cerebral fractures
Straight, radiolucent, non- branching lines
Depressed cerebral fractures
•Overlapped
- Curvilinear lines
Le fort fracture
- Horizontal, bilateral fracture ofthe maxillae
Anterior hip dislocation
anteriorly displaced femoral head above that of the acetabulum
Posterior hip dislocation
a posteriorly displaced head below that of the acetabulum