HIST-140: Quiz 1 Vocab Review

constitutional monarchy

where monarch serves as head of state but powers defined by countries constitution or laws

absolutism

monarch has total control, not limited by laws or branches of govt.

capitalism

private individuals and businesses own means of production and run for profit and operate in a competitive marketplace

Thomas Hobbes

wrote Leviathan - advanced for strong govt. on basis of reason rather than divine right - pessimistic view of human nature: man is a wold in the state of nature, war of all against all - humans must surrender liberties to strong govt. in order to escape state of nature

John Locke

Two Treatises of Govt. (state of nature is absolute freedom w/o govt. - absolute monarch cannot build civil society, people must) - Essay Concerning Human Understanding (not born w/ ideas, mind is blank at birth, education essential)

Enlightenment

universe is intelligible, universe governed by Natural, not supernatural forces - scientific method can provide answers to every question - education improves individual and society - formal religion inherits mistakes of the past, put is aside in favor of free inquiry

Voltaire

attacked idea of divine revelation, scriptures as holders of truth and authority, church hierarchy - knowledge is acquired through reason and senses - end bigotry, end of death penalty, anti-absolutionist, anti-democrat, pro-monarch, Diest

Montesquieu

a governments appropriateness is derived from its natural environment (large countries need tyrants especially in cold weather, small countries need democracies especially in hotter climates) - ideal govt. has separate, balanced power

Rousseau

positive view of human nature, state of nature is pure - nature over reason - Emile: education of children, in nature - Social Contract: notes have subverted nature by making others lower than them - general will must be reflected by representative govt.

Kant

Enlightenment is courage to be thinking person, use ones own understanding w/o another’s guidance - opposed empiricism: experience alone cannot reveal knowledge w/o subjected to reason - opposed rationalism: reason must be grounded in experiences, innate idea w/o basis in experience is ungrounded

Seven Years’ War

one side: France, habsburg dyansty, Russia, etc. - other side: England, Prussia, British colonies - Prussia invaded Silesia - British gained territory in India, North America - French defeated - British forbade settlement beyond Appalachians, reason for Revolution

Habsburg Dynasty

emperor dies, made daughter empress, hated Frederick the Great, Silesia invaded

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Frederick the Great, great military leader and success, strict cash reserves

Enlightened Despotism

govt. for the people not by the people - apply Enlightenment to make life better for subjects - less emphasis on divine right - religious toleration - national infrastructure - equal laws for all religions - limit provincial autonomy, end local power - Meritocratic bureaucracy, employ effective ministers, crack down on corruption

Frederick the Great

French lit, played flute, close to mother and sister - religious tolerance - control whole administration- education program - Enlightenment - Enlightened despotism - militarist excesses

Catherine the Great

patroness of the Enlightenment - increased Russian influence in Europe and Westernization started by Peter the Great - constant state of war especially w/ Ottoman Empire, increasingly conservative, attacks on Jews, Poles, Lithuanians - court of lovers

Partitions of Poland

Stan Poniatowski’s reforms opposed by nobility - lover of Catherine the Great - rapacity of 3 neighboring enlightened depots to round out realm - revolutionary sentiment in Poland, fear French Rev. could spread

Tadeusz Kosciuszko

Polish general freshly returned from American Rev. - formed a peasant army under ideas of national self rule and general liberty

Phases on French Revolution

moderate phase (1789-1792) - radical phase (1792-1794) - reactionary phase - napoleonic empire

Origins of French Revolution

enlightenment ideas, high bread prices, economic depression, govt. debt from wars + losing them, inability to tax rich nobles, calling of estates general, King distracted by court intrigues, mess of Louis XV

Jaques Louis David

painter of French Rev., neoclassical style, friend of Robespierre than Napoleon, Republican than admirer of Napoleon and personality, during Republic and Emperor, dominated the arts w/ stale sanctions

Sieyes

“What is the Third Estate”

Estates General

medieval council to advise King, not been called since 1614

National Assembly

estates general still loyal to King, demanded greater role in governance - Jun. 17, 1789: Third Estate claimed to be National Assembly

Louis XVI

failed to disband National Assembly, had to call rural forces up, “Monsieur Veto”, National Guard killed his bodyguards, imprisoned in Tuileries, forced to wear revolutionary tricolors, sign oath of loyalty to revolution, executed Jan. 21, 1793

Declaration on the Rights of Man

preamble for constitutional monarchy, 1791

Talleyrand

appropriation of Church properties, helped write declaration, anti-clericalism

Robespierre

“Terrorist”, paradise must be put on hold, execution marked shift to moderate Rev.

Committee of Public Safety

12 members, mass executions of suspects, citizen army

Thermidor Counter-Revolution

execution of Robespierre, Constitution 1795, Jacobins clubs closed, voting back to old men with property

Significance of Rev.

inspiration of future reform, development of (-isms), Human Rights (Declaration), mass violence as means of social “ordering”, inspired National Memory, future revolutions