Nomenclature

naming unbranched alkanes

prefix: based on table
infix: alkane or alkene or alkyne

Suffix: e for hydrocarbon, ol for alcohol

naming hydrocarbon branches and benzene branch name

alkyl groups, so if its a chain on 1, then its methyl, 2 is ethyl, etc

for benzene as a branch: its phenyl

naming branched alkanes

• longest chain is parent chain

• number from closest to branch for lowest number

• location of the branch - name of brance name of parent chain

more than one identical branches alkane

• number carbons so that lowest number to first encountered branch

• if there is multiple of the same branch use di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, etc

• comma to separate position number

• EX: 1,2 - dimethylhexane

different branches alkane

• List in ABC order

• give lowest number to branch encountered first

• if same position, give first in alphabetic one, lower number (dont include di, tri, etc for alphabetic order)

• ex: 1 - ethyl - 2,2 - methylhexane

choosing parent chain when there are different options

choose the one with most substituents.

naming branched branches (three and four carbon groups)

three carbon groups: Parent chain attached to middle of substituent chain instead of end like usual. Add iso to the front: ex: isopropyl from propyl

four carbon group: 
attached to one of three star branches: isobutyl

Attached to the middle of a chain: sec-butyl

Attached to the star branches but this ttime in the middle: tert-butyl 

consider their alphabetic order

naming single ring cycloalkanes unbranched

add cyclo to the name of the parent chain

ex: cyclopropane

single branched cycloalkane

no number is placed before branch

e.g: tert-butylcyclohexane

double branched cycloalkane

• number substituent first in ABCs with position 1, then go around in a direction that gives the second branch the lowest number.

Naming triple branched cycloalkanes

• find all the possible combinations of numbering the branches, then choose the one that gives the lowest overall numbers

• Then list then in abc order when naming it

When a ring is the substituent

• Position - cycloxxxxyyyane. Ex: 1 - cyclobutylpentane. If there are two rings, then do dicyclo…

Naming alkylhalides (2 methods)

1: haloalkanes group treated like substituents: chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro. Ex: 1-fluorohexane

2: or name the alkyl group and add halide. Ex: propyl fluoride

Naming alcohols

• name like an branched alkane but

• Parent chain is longest chain with OH attached to a carbon

• Give the carbon with the oh group the lowest number

• Change the ending of the name from e to -position-ol: ex: 4- methylhexane to 4-methylhexan-1-ol

• If there is more than one OH, call it diol, triol,

• If there is a ring, name the carbon with oh, 1. And then give lowest numbers to others

nomenclature of alkenes

• named same as alkanes but with en infix not an. 

• select longest chain containing c=c

• give c=c lowest position unless there is an alcohol, give it to the c on oh

• if there is a cis or trans isomer, add that to front of name

• if more than one double bond use diene, triene, etc

naming cycloalkenes

• give the c=c 1 and 2 positions, so that the substituent has the lowest number as well. unless it has an alcohol

• dont add cis

naming alkynes

• same as alkenes but with yn infix.

• oh group lowest number

• if double and triple, give lowest set of locants overall, if equivalent, give lowest to double bond.

• en is written before yn as infix

terminal alkyne

when sp c is attached to h