Psychology Exam 2025 Sem 1

Self Actualisation

The realization and fulfillment of one’s potential and beliefs, a drive or need in everyone.

Self Image

How one perceives themself.

Self Esteem

A persons sense of value and worth.

Ideal Self

How a person wants to be.

Self Concept

A combination of self image, self esteem, and ideal self. Determines how you feel or act in certain situations.

Enclothed Cognition

The psychological impact which a persons clothing has on cognition. Coined by Hajo Adam & Adam D. Galinsky.

Self Schemas

The various cognitive structures we have to describe various categories of knowledge about the world/ourselves. Influences behaviour and is influenced by past experiences, relationships, society, culture, and our upbringing. Combines to create self concept.

Humanism

A school of thought which focuses on potential of humans and their ability to self actualise, emphasises the uniqueness of each individual.

Nature vs Nurture

Debate on whether, genetic and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics or environmental variables, childhood experiences, upbringing/how we are raised, social relationships, surrounding culture determine your development.

Thoughts, Feelings, Behaviours

All reliant on your sense of self and how you mentally approach certain situations, patterned behaviour such as avoidant attachment styles are rooted in the upbringing and parental relationships.

How do you develop self concept?

Impacted by past experiences, parental relationships, and interactions with important people in one’s life.

What are the four purposes of psychology?

To change, predict, explain, and describe behaviour.

Functionalism

Explains mental processes in a systematic and accurate manner, focusing on higher purpose of consciousness and behaviour, emphasising individual differences (which impacted education)

Structuralism

The first school of psychology, breaks down mental processes in order to understand basic elements of consciousness using internal perception (introspection). Regarded to be inaccurate

School of Psychology

A psychological concept.

Attachment Theory

Concept in developmental psychology which concerns attachment in relation to personal development.

Rogers Theory

Humanistic theory focusing on one’s innate desire to grow and self actualise, based on the need for unconditional positive regard, subjective experience, congruence in self concept, and promotes person centered therapy (a person should be able to solve their own problems intuitively as opposed to externally)

Freud’s Personality Theory

Personality theory which compares unconscious influence and conscious choices. Cathexis (investment of mental energy in something) vs Anticathexis (ego blocking socially unacceptable needs)

Freud Psychosexual Theory

Stages of development

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Id (Freud)

The most primitive part of personality, urges and desires.

Ego (Freud)

Deals with reality and ensures that demands of the id are satisfied, safe, and socially acceptable.

Superego (Freud)

Internalised morals and standards one acquires from society, family, and parents.

Maslows Hierachy of Needs

Humanistic theory, highlights self actualisation, level below must be completed in order to move to next, not strictly linear, can be applied practically

Banduras Theory

Social learning theory, described as bridge between behaviourism and cognitive approach, belief that humans are active information processors and thinks about the relationship between behaviour and consequence, observation and imitation in early development.

Self Efficacy

A persons belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

Self Control

The ability to control behaviours to avoid temptations and achieve goals.

Growth Mindset

Belief that a persons intelligence and abilities can grow and improve with practice.

Personality Disorders

Problems in personality functioning.

Attachment Theory

Model of human development which emphasises the central role of caregivers who provide a sense of safety and security. Secure attachment, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant,

Erikson

How personality develops