CETE: Module 1

Earthwork

The objectives of - are to create engineering works from

soil, to provide foundations for buildings and structures made of other materials, to level regions under development for building, and to remove masses of earth.

Cut and Fill

takes material from cut excavations and uses this to make fill sections.

Excavate and Embankment

Cut and Fill also known as “- - -”

Excavation

is the removal of soil, rocks, or other materials from the ground. It prepares a work site for the construction of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.

Topsoil

A type of excavation: Before a foundation can be laid or pipelines installed, the top layer of soil must be removed.

Ground tracing

marking the area that will be excavated

Rock

A type of excavation: Some soil contains rocks or even boulders that must be removed before construction can take place.

Footing

Excavation must be performed to dig trenches for the footings.

Trench

A type of excavation: resembles footing excavation, with the main difference being that trench excavation works for more applications.

19

Shallow tenches are less than - deep, while deep trenches are - ft or deeper.

Dredge

A type of excavation: removes dirt, sediment, and debris from the bottom of bodies of water to allow boats and other vessels to travel without obstructions.

Basement

A type of excavation: involves digging a large area of soil and dirt below ground level for the installation of basements and other underground structures.

Borrow

A type of excavation: occurs when a job requires you to bring materials from another site—rather than remove existing materials—to complete a project.

Hauling and Transporting

refers to the transportation of excavated materials.

Filling and Backfilling

Any earth brought back to erect a platform, raise up the undisturbed soil, fill up an excavation, level a dip of ground.

Compaction

Is the process where increasing of the density of a material by packing the particles closer together through external forces.

hehe,,, read mo n lng module 1

Purpose of backfilling

Basic considerations in backfilling

Main reasons for compaction