AP Psychology unit 1.1

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Last updated 11:12 AM on 9/6/26
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25 Terms

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Psychology 心理学

The science of behavior and mental processes.
研究行为和心理过程的科学。


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Behavior 行为


Anything an organism does / any action we can observe and record
生物体所做的任何事情 / 任何我们可以观察和记录的行为。

Ex: (Observable behaviors : Yelling, smiling, blink, or sweating, talking, tweeting 写推文, and questionnaire marking 填写问卷)
例:(可观察的行为:大喊、微笑、眨眼、出汗、说话、发推文、以及填写问卷)

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Mental processes 心理过程


Our internal, subjective 主观 experiences
我们内部的、主观的体验。

Ex : (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.)
例:(感觉、知觉、梦、思想、信念和情感。)

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Scientific Attitude 科学态度 (3)


Curiosity, skepticism 怀疑精神, and humility
好奇心、怀疑精神和谦逊。

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Nature 先天


refers to heredity and genes
指遗传和基因


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Nurture 后天

refers to environmental influences and experiences
指环境影响和经历


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Heredity 遗传

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

特征从父母传递给后代


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Identical twins (Monozygotic) 同卵双胞胎

have the same genes.(100%)

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Fraternal twins (Dizygotic) 异卵双胞胎

different genes but often share a similar environment (50%)
拥有不同的基因,但通常共享相似的环境(50%)


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eugenics 优生学

主张人为选择繁衍有某些特征的人


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evolutionary psychology 进化心理


Explained by Natural selection
通过自然选择来解释


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Natural selection - Darwin (4) 自然选择 - 达尔文(4)

Variation – Organisms have biological and behavioral differences.
变异——生物体之间存在生物学和行为上的差异。

Competition – Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, so they compete for survival.
竞争——生物体产生的后代数量超过能够存活的数量,因此它们会为了生存而竞争。

Survival & Reproduction – Individuals with certain biological and behavioral variations are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass their genes to later generations.
生存与繁殖——具有某些生物学和行为变异的个体更有可能生存、繁殖,并将自己的基因传递给后代。

Evolution – Over generations, population characteristics may change.
进化——经过许多代之后,群体的特征可能会发生变化

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Behavior 行为


Behavior are influenced by heredity
行为受到遗传的影响


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behavior genetics 行为遗传学

Explained by Genes + environment
通过基因 + 环境来解释


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Fitness 适应度

survival and successfully reproduce offspring

生存并成功繁殖后代


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Human Genome 人类基因组


Human DNA 99.9% identical

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Genome 基因组

Complete set of genetic instructions

完整的遗传指令集合


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Genes 基因

Small segment of DNA
DNA的一小段

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Proteins 蛋白质

Genes contains instructions for making Proteins, proteins influence an organism’s Traits 性状
基因包含制造蛋白质的指令,蛋白质影响生物体的性状。

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Traits 性状

Genes contains instructions for making Proteins, proteins influence an organism’s Traits 性状
基因包含制造蛋白质的指令,蛋白质影响生物体的性状。


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DNA

the molecule that carries genetic information
携带遗传信息的分子

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Chromosome 染色体

long strand of DNA containing many genes
包含许多基因的长链DNA


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Epigenetic 表观遗传学

Environment cause Epigenetic 表观遗传学

  • 环境导致表观遗传学

  • Change gene expression
    改变基因表达

  • Turn genes on or off, not change DNA
    打开或关闭基因,而不是改变DNA。

  • Influence factor: Diet 饮食 Drugs 药 Stress Trauma 创伤 Poverty Malnutrition 营养不良
    影响因素:饮食、药物、压力、创伤、贫困、营养不良


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Gene and Environment Interaction 基因和环境相互作用


Gene and Environment Interact
基因和环境相互作用

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mutation 突变

a random error in gene replication 复制 that leads to a change.
基因复制中的随机错误,导致发生变化。