Locomotion & Movement

Actin

Thin filaments proteins of the sarcomere that interacts with myosin to generate muscle contraction

• Thin filament proteins that interacts with myosin to cause muscle contraction

Axial vs Appendicualr skeleton

Division of the skeleton into the axial skeleton ( skull, vertebral column, ribs- the central body axis) and the appendicular skeleton ( limbs and girdles that attach to the axial skeleton)

• Axial : skull, vertebral, column, ribs

• Appendicular: limbs and girdles

Ciliary Locomotion

Movement produced by the coordinated beating of many small, hair like cilia on a cell or organism’s surface.

• Movement produced by coordinated beating of cilia

Endoskeleton

An internal skeletal support structure ( bone/ cartilage) to which muscles attach, characteristic of vertebrates

• Internal skeleton made of bone/ cartilage that supports the body

Exoskeleton

A rigid external skeletal covering (chitin in arthropods) that supports the body and provides attachment points for muscles

• External rigid skeleton that supports and protects the body

Hydrostatic skeleton

A skeletal system using a fluid-filled cavity under pressure to provide support and enable movement ( in worms, cnidarians)

• Fluid-filled cavity that provides support and allows movement

Longitudinal vs Circular muscles

Two muscle layer, often arranged perpendicular to each other in tube shaped bodies ( e.g worms) that work antagonistially to shorten/lengthen or narrow/widen the body for movement

• Two muscle layers that work oppositely to change body shape and create movement

• Longitudinal = length

• Circular = width

Muscle Pair

Antagonistic sets of muscles ( e.g flexor / extensor) that work in opposition

• Antagonistic muscles that work against each other

Mutable Connective Tissue

Connective tissue found in echinoderms that can rapidly an reversibly change its stiffnes under nervous control, allowing the animal to stiffen or relax its body.

• Echinoderm tissue that can quickly change stiffness under nervous control.

Myofibril

Composed of proteins ( actin and myosin) which make up the contractile units of muscle cell

• Structure made of actin and myosin that forms the contractile units of a muscle cell

Myosin

Thick filament motor protein of the sacromere that bind actin and uses ATP to generate the force of muscle contraction

• Thick filament motor protein that binds actin and uses ATP to produce force.

Power amplification

A mechanism ( often using elastic structures like springs/ latches) that allows a muscle to release stored energy very quickly , producing movements more powerful/ faster than the muscle could generate through direct contraction alone

• Uses stored energy to produce movement faster and more powerfully than muscle contraction alone

Sacomere

The repeating contractile unit of a myofibril, bounded by z- lines, containing organized actin and myosin filaments.

• Repeating contractile unit of a myofibril contaning actin and myosin

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Stores and releases calcium ions to regulate muscle contraction

• Stores and releases calcium ions to control muscle contraction

Ultrafast Movement

Extremely rapid movement ( e.g mantis shrimp stirkes, trap- jaw, ant bites) typicaly enable by power amiplification mechanisms rather than muscle speed alone.

• Extremely rapid movement, often using power amplification

Water Vascular system

Hydraulic system unique to echinoderms, using water- filled canals and tube feet for locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.

• Echinoderm hydraulic system using water filled canals and tube feet for movement, feeding, and gas exchange.

Compare the physiological mechanisms of movement across animal phyla

Compare how different anials move and what body structures they use to create movement

• Porifera : Ciliary locmotion

• Cnidaria : Hydrostatic skeleton + muscles

• Platyhelmithes: Cilia + muscles

• Annelida : hydrostatic skeleton + Longitudinal/circular muscles

• Arthropoda : Exoskeleton + muscle pairs

• Mollusca : Muscles + hydrostatic skeleton

• Echinodermata: Water vadcual system + tube feet

• Vertebrate : Endokskeleton + muscles

Identify key structures used for movement

Ciliary locomotion:

• Tiny hair like structures that produce movement

Muscles:

• Contracts and relax to create movement

Hydrostatic skeleton

• Fluid filled cavity provides suport and movement

Endoskeleton:

• Internal skeleton makde of bone/ cartilage that support the body

Water vascular System:

• Echinoderms at uses tube feet for movement

Actin

• Thin filament proteins that interacts with myosin to cause muscle contraction

Myosin

• Thick filament motor protein that binds actin and uses ATP to produce force.

Understand how evolutionary innovations shpe locomotor abilities

Evoltuion gives animals new structures or mechanisms that improve how they move

• Cilia: allow small organism to move

• Hydrostaci skeleton : fluid pressure provides support for movement

• Exoskeleton : Provides support and places for muscle to attach

• Endoskeleton: support the body and allows powerful muscle movement

• Water vascualr system: gives echinoderms movement using tube feet

• Power amplification: allows extremely fast and powerful movements