BIO 261 Human Physiology Exam #1 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards generated for BIO 261 Human Physiology Exam 1 review.

Negative feedback

Reverses a change from the set point.

Positive feedback

Amplifies a change from the set point in the same direction.

Feedback loop components

Sensor $\rightarrow$ integrating center $\rightarrow$ effector.

Normal fasting blood glucose

$70\text{--}99\,mg/100\,mL$.

Insulin stimulus

Increased blood glucose.

Low blood glucose response

Decrease insulin and increase glucagon.

High blood glucose response

Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islets.

Response to standing after lying down

Blood pressure drops, leading to an increase in heart rate (negative feedback).

Atomic number

Number of protons.

Mass number

Protons + neutrons.

Electrons

Negatively charged subatomic particles found outside the nucleus.

Ions

Atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.

Anion

Gains electrons, resulting in a negative charge.

Cation

Loses electrons, resulting in a positive charge.

Ionic bond

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons.

Polar covalent bond

A bond formed when electrons are shared unequally.

Nonpolar covalent bond

A bond formed when electrons are shared equally.

Hydrogen bond

The weakest intermolecular force.

Normal blood pH

$7.35\text{--}7.45$.

Alkaline pH

pH greater than $7$.

Acidic pH

pH less than $7$.

Alkalosis

Blood pH greater than $7.45$.

Acidosis

Blood pH less than $7.35$.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves solute.

Organic molecules

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrophobic molecules

Molecules containing nonpolar covalent bonds.

Hydrophilic molecules

Molecules containing polar covalent bonds.

Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Disaccharides

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Potatoes

Contain starch, which is a polysaccharide.

Plant glucose storage

Starch, which humans can digest.

Human and animal glucose storage

Glycogen.

Human cellulose digestion

Humans cannot digest cellulose.

Peptide bonds

Bonds that join amino acids into polypeptides.

Denaturation

Protein unfolding due to pH or temperature changes.

Lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.

Triglycerides and phospholipids shared component

Glycerol.

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acids containing single bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids containing one or more double bonds.

Amphipathic

Having parts that are polar and parts that are nonpolar.

DNA sugar

Deoxyribose.

RNA sugar

Ribose.

DNA structure

Double helix.

Types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

Base absent in RNA

Thymine.

Base absent in DNA

Uracil.

Hydrolysis

Addition of water to break bonds.

Dehydration synthesis

Removal of water to form bonds.

DNA backbone

Alternates deoxyribose sugar and phosphate.

DNA base pairing

A–T and G–C.

RNA strand configuration

Single-stranded.

Transcription base pairing

A–U, T–A, G–C, and C–G.

Gene expression

Transcription + translation.

Transcription

DNA $\rightarrow$ mRNA in the nucleus.

Translation

mRNA $\rightarrow$ protein in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.

Codon

Three-base sequence on mRNA coding for an amino acid.

Anticodon

Complementary sequence on tRNA.

tRNA function

Brings amino acids to the ribosome.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes and is a site of protein synthesis.

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomal RNA.

Introns

Noncoding regions removed from pre-mRNA.

Exons

Coding regions that remain in mRNA.

Cellular respiration equation

$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}$.

Cellular respiration reactants

Glucose and oxygen.

Cellular respiration products

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Glycolysis location

Cytoplasm.

Glycolysis products

$2$\,pyruvate and $2$\,ATP.

Glycolysis oxygen requirement

Occurs with or without oxygen.

Acetyl CoA formation location

Mitochondrial matrix.

Citric acid cycle location

Mitochondrial matrix.

Citric acid cycle products

$\text{CO}_2$, NADH, $\text{FADH}_2$, and $2$\,ATP.

Electron transport system location

Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).

Role of NADH and FADH2

Bring electrons and hydrogen to the ETC.

Final electron acceptor

Oxygen.

Respiration under low oxygen

Pyruvate converts to lactate.

Oxidation

Loss of electrons.

Reduction

Gain of electrons.

Anabolism

Building/synthesis.

Catabolism

Breaking down.

Resting cell interior charge

Negative.

Extracellular and intracellular cations distribution

$\text{Na}^+$ is higher extracellularly; $\text{K}^+$ is higher intracellularly.

Resting membrane potential range

Negative inside the cell, typically $-65\,mV$ to $-85\,mV$.

Resting membrane potential maintenance

Maintained by $\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ pump and selective membrane permeability.

Simple diffusion

Small nonpolar molecules such as $\text{O}_2$ and $\text{CO}_2$ cross without transport proteins.

Facilitated diffusion

Carrier proteins move polar molecules down gradients; channel proteins allow ions down gradients.

Ion channels

Channels that are gated and respond to physiological stimuli.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membranes.

Factors affecting diffusion rate

Concentration gradient, membrane permeability, and surface area.

Na+/K+ pump movement

Moves $3\,\text{Na}^+$ out and $2\,\text{K}^+$ in (requires energy).

Hypotonic solution

Cells swell and may burst (lysis).

Hypertonic solution

Cells shrink (crenate).

Isotonic solution

No change in cell size.

0.9% saline

Isotonic to human cells.

Primary intracellular cation

$\text{K}^+$.

Primary extracellular cation

$\text{Na}^+$.

Intracellular body water proportion

$67\%$.

Extracellular fluid compartments

Blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

Protein synthesis memory chain

DNA $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ mRNA $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ Protein.