Epidemiology

Descriptive epidemiology

It describes the distribution of health status in terms of age,sex, race, geography, time etc

Epidemiology

It assess health status, health problems, health needs through observations & surveys

Epidemiologist

It is concerned with the course of disease in a population that asks how many? Who? When? Where?

Host

Agent

Environment

What are the 3 epidemiological triangle?

what disease?

where located?

when occurred?

who affected?

how many cases?

A questions that describes the disease surveillance

Removing of pump handle

It is a classic example of epidemiological method...

Dr. John Snow

Who removed the pump handle in 1849?

To achieve the goal in limiting disease and deaths

What is its purpose?

Primary Care Physician

Concerned with the course of disease in an individual patient

Hippocrates

He is a Father of Medicine that suggested the relationship between the occurrence of disease &the physical environment (300 B.C.)

Spiritual era

An era of few advances in epidemiology

Plague, leprosy, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, yellow fever

What are the epidemics in spiritual era?

Walter Reed

Discovered the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

DR. Benjamin Rush

He traced the cases to the docks where ships arrived from tropical ports (Philadelphia)

London 1849

50 years after the yellow fever outbreaks, cholera became an epidemic in?

Robert koch

He discovered the vibrio cholerae and many other bacteria

Louis Pasteur

germ theory of disease and principles of pasteurization

Descriptive epidemiology

Analytical epidemiology

Experimental epidemiology

What are the 3 types of epidemiology?

Analytical epidemiology

study of the determinants (causes) of health-related states or events that asks why and how

Analytical epidemiology

It test hypotheses about relationships between health problems& possible risk factors, factors that increase the probability of disease

Experimental epidemiology

It evaluate the effects of intervention

Experimental epidemiology

It Identify the cause of a disease

Experimental epidemiology

It determines the effectiveness of a vaccine, therapeutic drug, or surgical procedure

HOST

an any susceptible organism invaded by an agent

AGENT

the element that must be present in order fordisease to occur

Environment

It includes all factors - physical, biological,or social - that inhibit or promote disease transmission.

Nutritive elements,

chemical agent,

physical agent,

infectious agent

What are the agents of disease?

excess

deficiencies

What are the 2 elements of nutritive disease?

Poisons

Allergens

What are the 2 agents of chemical disease?

Heat

Light

Ioning radiation

What are the 3 physical agents?

Parasites,

Protozoa,

Bacteria,

Fungi,

Viruses.

What are the 5 infectious agents?

INTRINSIC FACTORS

It is influenced by exposure, susceptibility or response to agents

EXTRINSIC FACTOR

It is Influenced in the existence of the agent, exposure, or susceptibility to agent

PHYSICAL FACTOR

it is influenced by inanimate surroundings

SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Occupation, urbanization and disruption

BIOLOGICAl

living things around us

Epidemiologic data

An organized data according to the variables of: Time, Person, and Place.

TIME

It refers both to the period of exposure to the source of infection & the period during which the illness occurred

Person

Refers to the characteristics of the individual (exposed & contacted the infection)

Person

Described in terms of inherent or acquiredcharacteristics (age, race, sex, immune status,marital status)

AGE

Single most useful variable in describing occurrence & distribution of disease and its physiologic activity

Place

Features, factors or conditions in the environment where the disease occurred

Sporadic disease

An intermittent occurrence of a few isolated & unrelated cases ina given locality

Rabies

what is the example of sporadic disease?

Endemic disease

a disease that occur regularly in a population

Schistosomiasis

What is the example of endemic diseases?

hyperendemic disease

a persistently high level of occurrence

epidemic

an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population in relatively short period of time and it is more acute and serious problem

Pandemic

an outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area such as a continent

25million people

In influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed how many people worldwide?

Epizootics

Disease outbreaks in animal populations

Epizoodemics

Disease outbreaks involving both animals and humans

Studies the distribution of disease within populations.

Makes comparisons.

Makes inferences / conclusions.

Seeks disease prevention.

What are the Phases/Activities in Epidemiology?

births

illnesses

marriages

divorces/separations

deaths

In vital statistics, what are the vital events?

National Health surveys

a clinical tests, measurement, and physical exams and survey of places where people receive medical care

Field Health Services & Information System

what is the meaning of FHSIS?

Reporting units

Defined as any DOH health care facility that delivers public care-related services to target beneficiaries.

Provide summary of data on health services delivery.

Provide standardized data base.

Ensures data reported.

What is the objectives of FHSIS?

Local civil registrar (LCR)

It is where to process births, deaths, and marriages

Ratio

describes the relationship between two (2) numerical quantities or measures of events without taking particular considerations to the time or place

Rate

frequency of a disease or characteristic expressed per unit of size of the population or group in w/c it is observed

natality/birth rate

a measure of the natural growth or increase of a population.

Crude rates

it refers to total population & does not take into consideration variations in the population as sex, age etc

Crude birth rates

Gives the # of live births relative to the totalpopulation

GENERAL FATALITY RATE

it is more specific and births are related to the segment of the population deemed capable of giving birth.

Morbidity rate

Measures the frequency of illness in a population

Prevalence Rate

Incidence Rate

Attack Rate

What are the 3 Basic Types of Morbidity Rate

attack rate

A more accurate incidence rate used for a population at risk of disease for a brief period of time.

Mortality and death rates

Measures the frequency of dying or the probability of dying ofan illness in a population

Crude Death Rate

Specific Death Rate

Mortality (Death) Rate

What are the 3 types of mortality or death rates?

Prevalence rate

It measures the proportion of the population that exhibits a particular disease at a particular time and it deals with the total # of cases (new & old)

Crude death rates

Measures the decrease of population due to death and it is not a very useful method of comparing

Specific Death rates

It describes more accurately the risk of exposure of certain classes or groups to a particular disease

Proportionate mortality rate

Shows the numerical relationship between deaths from a cause, age, etc. and the total # of deaths from all causes in all ages taken together

Infant Mortality Rate

measures the risk of dying during the 1st year of life and also a good index of general health of community

Good water supply

Good housing facilities

Better standard of living

Give atleast 3 suggestions in infant mortality rate

Maternal mortality rates

Measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy,childbirth and puerperium

Fatal death rates

Measures the pregnancy wasteage/still birth rate

Neonatal death rates

Measures the risk of dying the 1st month of life and may serve as index of the effects of prenatal care andobstetrical management on newborn

Case fatality rate

Index of the killing power of a disease the risk of dying from a disease in a time period.

Presentations of data

Observation of events in the community are presented in theform of tables, charts and graphs

Line or curved graphs

Bar graphs

Area diagram/pie charts

In presentation of data, what are the most common used graphs?

Line or curved graphs

Shows peaks valleys and seasonal trends and it is used to show the trends of birth & death rates over a period of time

Bar graphs

It represents or expresses a quantity in terms of rates or percentages of a particular observation like causes of illness and deaths