Rad 103 Lab Intro

How bones does the adult body have

206 bones

osteology

the study of bones

arthrology

the study of joints

axial skeleton

(80 bones) central axis of body; skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

(126 bones) limbs, shoulder, and pelvis

long bones

two ends with shaft (humerus, femur, digits)

Irregular bones

funny shapes (facial bones, vertebrae, pelvic bones)

Short and Flat bones

little and flat bones (carpal and tarsals) (ribs, skull, sternum)

Long Bones- Cortex

outer shell

Cancellous

spongey bone; red bone marrow; produces red blood cells

medullary cavity

hallow center containing fatty yellow marrow

Periosteum

dense fibrosis membrane covering bone except at articulating surfaces; allows blood vessels to pass through bone via nutrient foramen

Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

covers the end of bones

Primary Bone Development

the middle will develop first

secondary bone development

the ends will develop last

anatomic position

arms slightly abducted, palms facing forward, head and feet facing forward

Projection

describes the direction or the path of the central ray (CR)

position

describes the general and specific position of the patients body

PA

Beam goes posterior to anterior

AP

beam goes anterior to posterior

supine position

facing upward

Prone Position

Facing Downward

Erect

In a upright position

Recumbent

laying down in any position

Bucky

hold and support Image receptor (IR) device

Portrait (IR)

position with longer dimension parallel to long axis of body part

Landscape (IR)

Positioned with shorter dimension parallel to the long axis of the body part

Central Ray

the centermost portion of the x-ray beam that has the least divergence (straight)

Anatomic Side Markers

made of lead, placed on IR to indicate right or left that’s being imaged; lateral side (have to be included with initials on)

Evaluation Criteria

definable standard by which every radiograph is determined to be optimal (anatomy demonstrated, position, exposure, image markers)

Positioning Accuracy

all pertinent anatomy, collimation, avoid improper rotation/tilt, central rays

Limbs

anatomic position

hands and feet

digits up, limbs hanging down

AP Chest

left will appear right-side-up

PA Chest

Left appears reversed

Palpation

process of applying light pressure on patients body using the fingertips; looking for landmarks to make sure you have the correct anatomy

Radiation Protection

wear lead aprons to protect the trunk and thyroid