9. Hydrocarbons

al-kynes of fun!

hydrocarbon

a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only

common sources of hydrocarbons

fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, petroleum

hazards of methane production

mining coal, slurry pits, landfills/refuse dumps

saturated compound

a compound that contains single bonds only

meth

1 carbon

eth

2 carbons

prop

3 carbons

but

4 carbons

pent

5 carbons

hex

6 carbons

hept

7 carbons

oct

8 carbons

non

9 carbons

dec

10 carbons

alkane

saturated hydrocarbon, only contains single bonds, hydrogen, and carbon

formula for alkanes

CnH2n+2

homologous series

a family of organic compounds with: the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and where each member has the same functional group

functional group

a group of atoms upon which the characteristic properties of a homologous series depend

alkyl group

an alkane molecule which has had a hydrogen atom removed

alkyl group substituents

methyl (CH3), ethyl (C2H5), propyl (C3H7)

haloalkanes

alkanes with a halogen substituent

haloalkane prefixes

bromine -> bromo, chlorine -> chloro

isomers

compounds with the same molecular formular but different structural formulas

pentane isomers

pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane

butane isomers

butane, 2-methylpropane

important alkanes

2,2,4-trimethylpentane, cyclohexane

alkane intramolecular bonds

non-polar covalent

alkane intermolecular forces

van der waals

alkane boiling point

low boiling points which may vary based on rmm

alkane state of matter

C1-C4 - gases, C5-C16 - liquids, C17+ - solids

alkane solubility

insoluble in water, soluble in cyclohexane

substitution reaction

chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

alkene

unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond

formula for alkenes

CnH2n

unsaturated compound

compound that contains one (or more) double or triple bond

alkene intramolecular bonds

non-polar covalent

alkene intermolecular forces

van der waals

alkene boiling point

low boiling points which may vary based on rmm

alkene state of matter

C2-C5 - gases, C5-C18 - liquids, larger - waxy solids

alkene solubility

insoluble in water, soluble in cyclohexane

addition reaction

a reaction in which two or more molecules react together to form a single molecule

elimination reaction

a reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule to leave a double bond in the larger molecule

alkyne

unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond

name an alkyne

ethyne

ethyne uses

oxyacetylene welding and cutting

alkyne intramolecular bonds

non-polar covalent

alkyne intermolecular forces

van der waals

alkyne boiling point

low boiling points which may vary based on rmm

alkyne solubility

insoluble in water, soluble in cyclohexane

aplihatic compound

organic compound that consists of carbons joined in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

aromatic hydrocarbons

compounds that contain a benzene ring in their structure

benzene formula

C6H6