ITE 292 - NETWORKING CONTD

SAS 11 - SAS 16

This field of IPv6 is a 4 bit binary value set to 0110 which identifies the packet as an IPv6 packet

Version

This field of IPv6 is an 8 bit field that corresponds to the IPv4 Differentiated Services(DS)

Traffic Class

This field of IPv6 is a 20 bit field that indicates that all packets with the same flow label are handled the same way by routers

Flow label

This field of IPv6 is a 16 bit field that indicates the length of the packets data portion or payload

Payload Length

This field of IPv6 is an 8 bit field that corresponds to the IPv4 protocol field, it specifies the type of data payload carried by the packets

Next Header

This field of IPv6 is the IPv4 TTL is replaced by this 8 bit field, where as it passes through each router, the value is decrement by 1 and the packet is discarded once it reaches 0

Hop Limit

This is when a host can ping it self for testing purposes

Loopback

This is a host that is connected to the same local network as the sending network

Local Host

This is a host on a different network

Remote network

This is the network device (usually a router) that sends traffic to other networks. If the source and destination hosts are on different local networks, the router directs the data out of the local network to reach the destination.

The Default Gateway

On windows you can display the routing table by?

route print or netstat -r

List the sections that would be displayed when the routing table is displayed

Interface list - List of MACs and their interface number

IPv4 Table

IPv6 Table

List 3 things included in the routing table

1. Directly connected routes

2. remote routes

3. Default routes

These routes come from active router interfaces with configured IP addresses.

Directly connected routes

These routes come from distant networks connected to other routers, learned manually or via dynamic routing.

Remote routes

These routes is used when no specific route exists in the routing database; the packet is sent here.

Default routes

On cisco IOS, which command is used to display the routing table of IPv4

show ip route

These 2 routing table entries are created once the router interface is configured and activated

C and L

This entry identifies that the network is directly connected and the interface is configured with an IP address and activated.

C

This entry identifies that it is a local interface.

L

This entry represents the Route Source which is how the network was learned by the router. It also identifies the route as an EIGRP route

D

Full meaning of EIGRP

Enhanced Interior Gateway routing protocol

This Identifies the destination network.

10.1.1.0/24

This is the administrative distance for the corresponding network

90

This represents the metric or value assigned to reach the remote network.

2170112

This represents the next-hop or IP address of the next router to forward the packet.

209.165.200.226

This represents the route Timestamp identifies when the router was last heard from.

00:00:05

This represents the outgoing Interface

Serial/0/0/0

A router is like a computer, it requires ______, ______ and _____

CPU

Operating System

Memory

This network is used by teleworkers, small businesses, and branch offices.

Branch

This network used by large businesses, organizations, and enterprises.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

This network a large company that delivers network services.

Service Provider

The CCNA certification focuses on the ______ family of

routers.

branch

A_____ is used to dissipate heat from the CPU in order to keep it cool.

heatsink

To provide routing and switching functions, the CPU requires an ________ .

operating system

Full meaning of cisco IOS

Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)

This requires constant power to store data.

Volatile Memory

This does not require constant power.

Non-volatile Memory

This is a volatile memory used to store applications, processes, and data that the CPU needs to execute.

RAM

This is a non-volatile memory that stores critical operational instructions as well as a limited IOS.

ROM

This is a non-volatile memory used to store the startup configuration file permanently (startup-config).

NVRAM

This is a non-volatile memory used for long-term storage of the IOS and other operating system files like log or backup files.

Flash

List 5 types and models of router

Power supply

Cooling fan

SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic RAM

Non volatile RAM (NVRAM)

Heat shields

CPU

Advanced Integration Module(AIM)

Cisco router connection has 2 categories

In-band router interfaces – LAN and WAN interfaces

Management ports – Console and AUX ports

List the 3 most common ways to access user EXEC mode in a Cisco router's CLI environment

Console

SSH

Telnet

This is a physical management port on the Cisco router that allows for out-of-band access.

Console

This refers to a dedicated connection that does not require network services to be configured on the router.

Out of Band

This is a safe way to establish a CLI connection over a network. SSH does necessitate the configuration of active networking services.

SSH

This is an insecure method of remotely establishing a CLI session via a network virtual interface. The connection is not secure.

Telnet

The router's bootup process has three major phases

1. Run the POST and load the bootstrap program

2. Locate and load the Cisco IOS software

3. Locate and load the startup configuration file, or enter setup mode

This command displays a summary of all interfaces to ensure they are activated and operational. Look for "up" Status and "up" Protocol.

show ip interface brief

This command displays the contents of the RAM-stored IPv4 routing table.

show ip route

This command displays IPv4 statistics for all router interfaces.

show interfaces

This command is used to save your configuration changes.

copy running-config startup-config

To connect to a Layer 2 device remotely, what are the requirements

IP address

subnet mask

default gateway

This command is used to configure the default gateway

ip default-gateway

It is important to note that a switch does not

forward packets from hosts on its local network to

remote networks using the default gateway

address.

Notes

In an Ethernet LAN devices use broadcast to locate

1. Other devices

2. Services

_______ send out broadcast to all interfaces except the one where they are received

switches

2 negative impact of excessive broadcast

1, It slows down network operations

2. It slows down devices operations

_____ are the smaller network spaces

Subnets

This reduces network traffic while improving network performance

Subnetting

Networks are mostly sub netted at the ____ boundary of ___/___/__-

1. octet

2. 8

3. 16

4. 24

_____ and ____ are the two methods for identifying the network portion

1. Prefix Length

2. Subnet mask

______ are formed from borrowing host bits for network bits

Subnets

The first 2 octets identify the _____

network portion

The last 2 octets identify the ____

host IP address

This technique is used to calculate subnets

Magic Number technique

What is the subnet value of this, 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000

8

IPv4 is hierarchical and is composed of _____ and ______

Network portion

Host portion

The _____ is used to identify the network portion and host portion

Subnet Mask

The logical AND is used to determine _____

Network address

This is a shorthand method of expressing the subnet mask

Prefix length

This is the host portion with all 00000000

Network address

This is the host portion with all 0s and ends with a 1

First Host address

This is the host portion with all 1s and ends with a 0

Last host address

This is the host portion with all 1s

Broadcast address

IPv4 has 3 communication means

Unicast

Multicast

Broadcast

This is the one - to - one communication in IPv4

Unicast

This is the one to a select group communication in IPv4

Multicast

This is the one to all communication in IPv4

Broadcast

List the types of IPv4

1. Private address

2. Special User IPv4 address

3. Legacy Classful Addressing

4. Classless addressing

This type of IPv4 is non-routable and was defined by RFC in 1918 and is only used for internal networks

Private address

This is a special user address that is used on a host to test for TCP/IP connection

Loopback addressing

This is a special user addressing that windows clients can use if there’s no DHCP for self configuration

Link-Local addressing

This is a special user addressing that is used for teaching and learning purposes

TEST -NET address

This type of IPv4 addressing that assigns IPv4 into classes

Legacy classful addressing

This class ranges form (0.0.0.0/8 - 127.0.0.0/8) and is used for large networks

Class A

This class ranges from (128.0.0.0 /16- 191.255.0.0/16) and is used for medium networks

Class B

This class ranges from(192.0.0.0/24 - 223.255.255.0/24) and is used for smaller networks

Class C

This type of IPv4 enables service providers to assign IPv4 addresses based on their prefix length rather than classes. The employ the use of CIDR

Classless addressing

Full meaning of CIDR

Classless Inter Domain Addressing

This rule of IPv6 omits leading zeros in any hextet

Omit Leading to 0

This rule of IPv6 says that a double colon can replace any single contiguous string of one or more 16 bit segments consisting of all 0s

Omit all 0 segments

The 3 types of IPv6

Unicast

Multicast

Anycast

This type of IPv6 has a single IPv6 source address

Unicast

This type of Ipv6 address are sued to send a single IPv6 packet to a multiple destination

Multicast

This is a unique address that assigned to multiple devices

Anycast

The length of an IPv6 prefix indicates the ______ of the IPv6 packet

Network portion

This IPv6 Unicast addressing is used to communicate with other devices on the same local link

Link Local