Crime and Punishment GCSE History

Percentage of crime that was theft (1300-1348)

73.5%

Percentage of crime that was murder (1300-1348)

18.2%

Great Famine

1315-1317

Decade of the Black Death

1340s

Trigger for the Peasants' Revolt (1381)

Statute of Labourers, 1351, new king in 1377, poll tax from 1377.

War during the medieval period

100 years' war, 1337-1453 or War of the Roses, 1455-85

Rebellion during the medieval period

Peasants' Revolt, 1381, Jack Cade's revolt 1450, Cornish rebellion, 1497

John Wycliffe's followers

Lollards

Percentage of crime that was theft in the Tudor period

Around 75%

Percentage of violent crime in the Tudor period

Around 15%

Population of England and Wales in 1500

2.9 million

Population of England and Wales in 1600

4.5 million

Decades of bad harvests in the 16th century

1550s, 1590s

Issue of land enclosure in the Tudor period

Farmers kept sheep instead of growing crops so fewer labourers were needed

Decade of Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries

1530s

Types of vagrants in the Tudor period

Angler, Counterfeit Crank, Abraham Man, Clapper Dungeon, Hooker, Doxy, Ruffler

Year the 1598 Poor Law was made permanent

1601

German monk who initiated the Reformation

Martin Luther

Number of people executed by Mary for heresy (1553 - 1558)

283

Example of a treasonable incident from the Tudor period

Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), Wyatt's Rebellion (1554) or Apprentice Riots (1595)

Example of a treasonable incident from the Stuart period

Gunpowder Plot (1605), Popish Plot (1678) or Monmouth Rebellion (1685)

Population of England in 1700

9 million

New or increasing crimes post-1700

Smuggling, highway robbery, protests due to political rights

Smuggling hotspot in the eighteenth century

Brandy Cove in Swansea

Leading politician involved in smuggling in the eighteenth century

Robert Walpole

Tax on tea change in 1784

119% to 12%

Reason for increase in highway robbery

Trade led to increase in travel, few banks where money could be stored so money was carried around to pay for goods and improved turnpike roads made travel easier.

Famous highwayman in the eighteenth century

Dick Turpin, Tom King, John Rann

Reason for decline in highway robbery in the eighteenth century

Fewer isolated travellers (busier roads), horse patrol set up in 1805 to guard the roads, banknotes became traceable and could be cashed in, JPs refusing to license taverns known for harbouring highwaymen.

Population rise of the UK from 1800 to 1900

16 million to 42 million

War that finished at the beginning of the 19th century

The Napoleonic Wars (1815)

Notorious places for criminal activities in the 19th Century

Rookeries (St Giles in Central London and King Street in Southampton.)

Nickname for a type of robbery in the nineteenth century

Thimble-screwers (pocket watches), prop-nailers (pins and brooches from women) or drag-sneaks (goods/luggage from carts/coaches.)

Law to prevent trade union protests

Combination Acts 1799 in 1800.

Luddites

A 19th Century group that attacked machinery due to anger over new equipment replacing them, causing unemployment or lower wages.

Spa Field Riots

An example of social and political protest that did not involve attacks on machines in the industrial revolution.

Peterloo Massacre

An example of social and political protest that did not involve attacks on machines in the industrial revolution.

Rebecca Riots

An example of social and political protest that did not involve attacks on machines in the industrial revolution.

Chartism

An example of social and political protest that did not involve attacks on machines in the industrial revolution.

Oliver Twist

A book published by Charles Dickens, influenced by theft and the lives of criminals, during the Industrial Revolution.

The estimated number of orphans living in London by 1876.

30,000

% of crime that was theft in the Industrial revolution

90%

Jack the Ripper

The name of the anonymous serial killer who committed multiple murders of women in 1880s London.

Social reformers' approach

Clearing slums by knocking down some areas and building new roads; social projects by philanthropists; introduction of compulsory elementary education in 1870.

One example of new types of crime in the 20th century.

Motor / transport related crimes

One example of new types of crime in the 20th century linked to new technology.

Cybercrime

The year the first legislation was put in place punishing drink driving.

1966

The year the first legislation was put in place punishing parking offences.

1956

The percentage of crime in the mid-twentieth century committed by working class offenders.

80%

Year of Legislation introduced regarding motoring offences making the use of hand-held mobile phones illegal.

2003

Cybercrime examples

Hacking, phishing, identity theft, cyber bullying, and sexual crimes.

The number of people who died in the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.

38

Police tackling football hooliganism

Methods included CCTV, segregation, replacing terraces with seats, and a Special Police Unit.

The increase in firearm offences from 1999 to 2009.

5200 to nearly 10000

Dangerous Drugs Act

The act in 1920 that made possession of certain drugs illegal.

The crime that increased in the 20th Century due to the banning of certain drugs.

Smuggling or trafficking

An example of planned terrorism that took place before the 20th Century.

Gunpowder Plot

The number of people who died in Northern Ireland from terrorist attacks carried out by the IRA and UDA between 1969 and 2001.

Over 3500

Public House bombing in Birmingham

A terrorist attack carried out by the IRA on the British mainland in 1974, killing 19.

What happened in 1988 (terrorism)

The year Libyan terrorists caused an aeroplane explosion at Lockerbie in Scotland.

The number of people killed at Lockerbie.

Over 250

2005

The year the co-ordinated series of suicide bombings known as the 7/7 attacks took place on London's transport system.

Increased reporting of crime

One reason that could have caused the sharp rise in crime figures since 1900.

Nature of Policing in Saxon and Medieval Britain

It was based on community action, with a hierarchical society where kings relied on nobles to keep order.

Tithings

Groups of ten families entrusted with policing minor problems such as disturbances, fire and wild animals.

Hue and cry

A method expected to be raised by a tithingman when the community was threatened and to pursue suspected offenders.

Hundred

A division during the Saxon and Medieval period consisting of ten tithings, with the hundredman dealing with more serious threats.

Shire reeve (sheriff)

The main person responsible for keeping order at the shire level during the medieval period.

Posse comitatus

A group raised by the sheriff to capture criminals that had escaped the tithing.

Justices of the Peace

First appointed in 1326 to assist sheriffs and hold courts of law.

Manorial and royal courts

The locations where Justices of the Peace usually held trials and hearings during the Medieval period.

Parish constables

Replaced the hundredmen in the 13th Century to maintain law and order in communities.

Watchmen

Individuals who patrolled at night and helped protect against robberies, disturbances and fire, established in 1285 by Edward I.

Magistrates

Another title for Justices of the Peace during Tudor times.

The frequency of Justices of Peace appointments during the Tudor period.

Once a year

Night Watchmen equipment

Carried a bell, a lantern, and a weapon for protection during the Tudor period.

Charleys

The name given to the force of paid watchmen created by an Act passed by Charles II in 1663.

Urbanisation

The increased concentration of people in large towns and cities during the industrial revolution.

Manchester's population growth

Grew from 75,000 in 1801 to 300,000 by 1851.

Thief-takers

Individuals who captured criminals for reward money or negotiated the return of stolen goods for a fee during the Industrial period.

Infamous thief-takers

Charles Hitchen and Jonathan Wild, who were corruptly involved in arranging crimes for profit.

Thomas de Veil

The Justice of the Peace for Westminster who was made chief magistrate in 1740 and found solutions to the growing crime rate.

Henry Fielding

Replaced Thomas De Veil as chief magistrate in Bow Street in 1748.

'An Enquiry into the Late Increase in Robbers etc.'

Published by Henry Fielding in 1751.

Bow Street Runners

The first police officers known from 1748, initially called 'Mr Fielding's People'.

John Fielding

Continued Henry Fielding's work at Bow Street after his death in 1754, nicknamed 'Blind Beak'.

Horse Patrol

Initiated by John Fielding to tackle highway robbery and disseminate information about crimes.

The Middlesex Justices Act of 1792

Extended the Bow Street scheme by funding a similar arrangement in seven other areas of London.

Association for the Prosecution of Felons and Swindlers

Set up in Nottinghamshire in 1789.

Preventative policing

The late 18th Century idea that promoted attempts to stop crimes from being committed.

Glasgow

The city that benefitted from the first state funded police force in Britain in the year 1800.

Metropolitan Police establishment

Established in London by the Home Secretary Robert Peel in 1829.

Bobbies or Peelers

New constables that patrolled one of the 17 districts, each with a company of 144 police constables.

Age requirement for constables

Must be below 35 years old, at least 1.7m tall, and able to read and write.

Municipal Corporations Act

Passed in 1835, allowed permission for police forces to be set in larger towns.

Rural Police Act

Passed in 1839, enabled police forces to be set up in more rural areas.

County and Borough Police Act

Passed in 1856, made it compulsory for a police force to be set up in every county that had not previously taken the opportunity to set one up.

Detective Branch

A specialist branch of the police force introduced in 1842.

Special Branch

A specialist branch of the police force introduced in 1883.

Photography

A developing method used by the police force in the Victorian era to catch criminals, starting from the 1850s.