OFFICIAL Unit 6 Vocabulary (study quiz)

Imperialism

the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nationalism

a political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often advocating for self-determination.

Charles Darwin

British naturalist and biologist best known for developing the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Social Darwinism

a social theory that emerged in the late 19th century, asserting that human societies and cultures evolve through the same natural selection by claiming that "survival of the fittest"; meant certain races or societies were naturally superior and destined to dominate others

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

a powerful trading company established in 1602 by the Dutch Republic to control trade in Asia, primarily focusing on the lucrative spice trade, and gaining a dominant position in the East Indies,

King Leopold II

was the King of Belgium from 1865 to 1909, best known for his personal control of the Congo Free State

Berlin Conference

a meeting of European powers aimed at taking pieces of Africa to regulate European colonization and trade

Scramble for Africa

the rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century

Manifest Destiny

belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand its territory across the entire North American continent, justifying westward expansion and often leading to the forced removal of Native American populations

Penal Colony

a settlement established in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory, where convicted criminals are sent to live and work as a form of punishment, typically involving forced labor and isolation from society

Boer Wars

two conflicts between the British Empire and the Boer settlers (Dutch Farmers) in Southern Africa, known as the Cape, primarily from British wanting to control the region and the Boers' desire to maintain their independence

Boxer Rebellion

Violent anti-Foreign and anti-Christian uprise in China led by secret society called Boxers who am to drive out foriegn influence and missionaries from the country through attacks on foriengers

Corvee Laborer

a system of forced labor in which individuals are required to work for a certain number of days per year for the state or a local lord

Sphere of Influence

Region where a powerful nation (group or institution) holds power of authority WITHOUT FORMALLY COLONIZING THE AREA, giving dominance level of influence over the local affairs of the region (political, economic, cultural affairs)

Afrikaners

basically the Boers, the Dutch settlers, arrived at the Cape of Good Hope

Indian Territory

a designated area created in the early 19th century primarily for the relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands

Trail of Tears

forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation and other Native American tribes from their ancestral land

Suez Canal

man-made waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea

Balkan Peninsula

southeastern Europe, encompassing countries like Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and parts of Turkey

Asante Empire

a powerful West African state that emerged in the late 17th century, known for its wealth, military strength, and complex political organization

Ghost Dance

a spiritual movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century that aimed to restore their traditional ways of life.

Indian Rebellion of 1857 or Sepoy Mutiny

a significant uprising against British rule in India that marked a turning point in colonial, sparked by Sepoys (Indian soldiers)

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

a significant resistance movement that occurred among the Xhosa people in South Africa during the 1850s.

Anglo-Zulu War

A conflict between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom in 1879, resulting from British expansionist ambitions in Southern Africa

Proclamation of 1763

an order issued by King George III following the conclusion of the French and Indian War.

Indian National Congress

a political party in India that played a crucial role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Xhosa

an ethnic group from South Africa who are primarily known for their resistance against European colonization

Zulu

a large ethnic group native to South Africa, primarily located in the KwaZulu-Natal province, known for their powerful kingdom established by Shaka Zulu who led them through the Anglo-Zulu Ward

Pan-Africanism

a global movement that seeks to unify and empower people of African descent, promoting solidarity and cultural connection

Sepoys

an Indian soldier, specifically one who served in the armies of European trading companies, most notably the British East India Company, during the period of British colonization in India

Raj

the period of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947, marked by the direct governance of India by the British Crown

Natural Resources European Wanted

Guano (natural fertilizer), cotton, rubber, palm oil, ivory, copper, tin, gold, and diamonds

De Beers Mining Company

is a multinational corporation founded in 1888 that specializes in diamond exploration, mining, and marketing. (Founded by Cecil Rhodes)

Monocultures

the practice of cultivating only one single crop species over a large area of land

Railroads

a system of tracks and trains used to transport people and goods over long distances

Steamships

a vessel powered by steam engines (Revolutionized maritime transportation during the Industrial Age) enabling faster, more reliable travel acrosses oceans and rivers

Telegraph

early communication device that allowed transmission of messages over a long distance by radio or electrial signals.

Apartheid

where non-white citizens were forcibly separated from white citizens and denied basic rights in areas like housing, education, employment, and political participation

Opium Wars

two wars fought by the British and the Chinese in the mid-19th century over the opium trade

Opium

(a highly addictive drug) that british merchants illegally smuggled into China to their citizens to create widespread addiction

Banana Republics

politically unstable country in Latin America, particularly in Central America, whose economy is heavily reliant on the export of a single agricultural product (like bananas) → leading to exploitation by foreign corporations and a corrupt political system

Indentured Servants

individuals who agreed to work for a specified period, typically four to seven years, in exchange for passage to a new land.

Diaspora

dispersion (scattered) of any people from their original homeland to various locations around the world.

Great Famine

Period of starvation and disease that strangled Ireland, primarily potate blight that destroyed the staple crops that most Irish depended on, leading to mass emigration and population decline

Chinese Immigration Act

US federal law that anned Chinese laborers from entering the country, or known as “Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act” and “Inlfux of Chinese Restriction Act”

White Australia Policy

a set of discriminatory laws implemented in Australia, effectively creating a "white" nation by preventing people of color from settling in the country

White Collar

working-class professional and management worker that DOES NOT require physical labor

Blue Collar

working-class professional and management worker that DOES require physical labor

Natal Indian Congress

an organization founded in 1894 in South Africa to represent the interests of Indian immigrants and promote their rights by Mahatma Gandhi