Diversity of Eukaryotic Life: Ecdysozoa

Nematoda, Arthopoda

What phylum’s are in the Ecdysozoa?

Ecdysozoa

Bilateral, pseudocoelomate, triploblastic, ecdysozoans

Ecdysozoa

The _________ group is the only group that has a pseudocoelomate.

Ecdysis

Molting

Molted

The outer cuticle is _______ as the organism grows

Round worms

Nematoda

Nematoda

~60,000 described species

• Found in almost all habitats; billions per acre in soil

• Most are free-living but many are parasites of nearly all animals and many plant species - plant pathogens affect crops species (large economic and medical relevance

• Eutely - the entire body of an adult animal or plant consist of a fixed number of cells that is the same in all members of the species

• Named derived from thread like shape

• Bilateral

• No circulatory system

Eutely

The entire body of an adult animal or plant consists of a fixed number of cells that is the same in all members of the species

(Special)

Diffusion

How do the Nematoda do gas exchange if they have no circulatory system?

Pseudocoelomate

Mesoderm partially lines coelom, acts as a hydro static skeleton = helps reduce compression

Collagen

Non-living outer cuticle of ________ is molted (ecdysis) to accommodate growth between juvenile stages.

Coelom

_____ function:

• functions as a cushion for internal organs

• Allows for independent organ development and movement

• Can act as a hydrostatic skeleton (flatworms)

Longitudinal

Nematoda only have ________ muscles, so they they a “trashing”, “jerky” motion because they only have one type of muscle

Osmoregulation

___________ by specialized cells called Renate cells; connect to an excretory pore on the ventral side gland cells to elimate salt through a pore.

Renette cells

Specialized cells that do osmoregulation

Diffusion

Nitrogen waste is eliminated by ______ through the body wall (Nematoda has no specialized structures)

Dioecious

Most Nematoda are _____; females lay external eggs; once fertilized d hatch and develop into larvae.

Dioecious

Separate individuals with egg or sperm

Sexual dimorphism

Difference in body/apperance of different sexes; males often smaller than females

Cilia, flagella

Lack motile _______ or _______ )even sperms cells. (A unique characteristic)

Tichinella spiralis

________ _______ (trinchia worm) is transmitted to humans through consumption of undercooked infected meat (especially pork or wild game) causing trichinellosis, a potentially serious disease.

• larvae inside muscle tissue

Wuchereia bancrofti

_______ _______ is a filarial nematode transmitted by mosquitos. Infection causes lymphatic filariasis in which adult worms inhabit and obstruct lymphatic vessels, leading to severe swelling (elephantiasis).

Dirofilaria immitis

______ _______ is a parasitic nematode transited by mosquitos that causes heartworm disease in dogs. Adult worms live in the heart and pulmonary arteries and the disease is common in the US,

Plant pathogens

Nematode are prevalent ______ ________!

Arthoopods

• bilateral

• Eucoelomate

• Triploblastic

• Ecodysozoans

• Most species than in any phyla (over a million)

Joint-footed

Phylum arthopoda _____ ______ animals

Million

Largest phylum of animals well over ______ species

Hexopoda

About 80% of all known animal species within arthopods, most species are insects from subphylum ____________.

Economic

Arthodpod pests cause significant ________ losses (affects crops)

Pollination

Arthopods are important for plant ________. (Affect crops)

Chitin, proteins

In arthopods hard exoskeleton (cuticle) compose of _______ and ________. And in some groups (crustaceans) it is reinforced with calcium carbonated. (Evolved independently)

Cuticle

Another word for exoskeleton

Calcium carbonate

Arthopods have hard exoskeleton (cuticle) composed of chitin and proteins in some groups (crustaceans) its reinforced with ________ _________. (Evolved independently)

Paired, jointed appendages

______, ________ _________ allow for movement oof the rigid exoskeleton

Hemocoel

Main body cavity is a ________ a space filled with hemolymph in an open circulatory system.

Tagmosis

_______ is the grouping of segments (metameres) into distinct, functionally specialized regions called tagmata (head, thorax, and abdomen)

Metameres

Another term for segments

Head, thorax, abdomen

Tagmota of insects

Hemolymph

Main body cavity is a hemocoel, a space filled with __________ in an open circulatory system.

Tagmosis

________ is the evolutionary trend in which a body cavity composed of repetitive, undifferentiated metameres becomes organized into groups of segments (tagmata) with specialized functions.

Millipedes, centipedes

________ and ________ exhibit relatively little Tagmosis

Spiders, scorpions

_______ and ________ have 2 tagmata: a cephalothorax and an abdomen

Cephalothorax

When the head and thorax are fused (spiders & scorpions)

Insects

________ have three tagmata ( head, thorax and abdomen).

Hemolymph, hemocoel

In the open circulatory system of arthopods ________ is pumped from the heart into the ______, where it bathes organs and tissues and then returns to the heart through Ostia

Hemocyanin

__________ is a respiratory pigements dissolved in the hemolymph of many arthopods and mollusks

Arthopod success

A major reason for _______ “_______”:

• Tagmosis allows the body to be organized into specialized regions and supports diverse body plans

• Specialization of appendages for different function

• Jointed appendages that allow complex and efficient movement

• Hard exoskeleton that provides protection support and reduces water loss.

Protection, suppport, water loss

Hard exoskeleton that provides _______, _______, and reduce ________ _____.

Variations on a theme

A major reason for arthopods success is specialization of the appendages; there are many “_______ ___ __ ________” that have led to a great diversity of form and function (ex: flying, walking, swimming)

• ex:

  • Butterflies have siphoning mouthparts

  • Mosquitoes have piercing sucking mouth parts

  • House flies have sponging mouthparts

Exoskeleton

A constraint of a hard _________ is that it restricts growth solution = MOLTING!!! (Ecdysis!!)

Soft cuticle

As the animal grows, the old cuticle is shed and replaced by a larger one. During molting a new _____ ________ forms beneath the old one; the animal expands (by taking in air or water), causing the old cuticle to split and be shed —— SHEDS AS A SINGLE UNIT

Ecdysone

molting is regulated by hormones such as ________.

Hormonal

Molting is _____ controlled

Jointed appendages

A constraint of a hard exoskeleton is that it is rigid and limits flexibility, this is overcome by ______ _______.

Thin, flexible

The cuticle is ____ and _____ at joints allowing movement. The cuticle also forms internal projections that provide sites for muscle attachment and movement is produced by antagonistic muscle pairs.

Antagonistic muscle pairs

Movement is produced by ___________ _______ _______.

Gas exchange

A rigid exoskeleton prevents _____ _____ across the body surface.

Respiratory structures

Arthopods have evolved specialized respiratory respiratory structures such as gills, book lungs, or tracheal systems.

Tracheal systems

Networks of tubes and helps conserved H20 in insects - delivers oxygen directly into body tissues

Book lungs

_______ _____ consist of thin, plate-like structures arranged like the pages of a book and are richly supplied with hemolymph

Green (antennal)

In crustaceans such as crayfish, excretion is carried out by ________ _______ glands.

Malpighian tubes

In insects ______ _______ remove nitrogenous wastes and play an important role in water conservation

Sensory receptors

A rigid exoskeleton reduces sensitivity of the body surface. This is overcome b y the presence of manny specializaed _______ ________.

Sensory bristles (setae)

________ _____________ extend the cuticle which is thinner in these regions allowing deception of environment al stimuli. Many estate function as mechanorerecptors while others function as chermorecptors.

Setae

Another term for sensory bristles

Mechanoreceptors

Setae sensitive to touch or vibration

Chemoreceptors

Setae sensitive to chemicals

Chelicerata, myriapoda, Crustacea, hexapoda

What are the subphylum for the phylum arthopoda?

Chilcerata

What subphylum are spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, mites, ticks, and horseshoe crabs in?

Myriapoda

What subphylum are Millipedes and centipedes in?

Crustacea

What subphylum are Decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, isopods, barnacles, corpse pods, amphipods, and mantis shrimp in?

Hexpoda

What subphylum are insects (largest subphylum) in?

Pollinators

Insects are most important _________ of flowering plants

Bees

______ are the main pollinators of crops and flowering plants.

Specialized mutualisms

Many plants have evolved ______ ________ to attract specific insect pollinations; for example some orchids mimic the appearance and pheromones of females bees to attract male pollinators.

Nectar, reward

Many flowers produce _____ as a ______ and used visual cues such as nectar guides and UV patterns to attract pollinators

Parasitoid wasps

In some arthopods such as _______ _____, the adults are free living but lay eggs in or on host insect - often the larvae of another species. The developing larvae acts as a parasitiod , feeding on the host and killing it,.

Mimicry

Insects use________ and other visual defenses to avoid predators

Startle

Some caterpillars resemble snakes, using ______ display to deter predators

Social systems

Some insects exhibit complex _____ _______! Like bees ants and wasps!

Colony collapse disorder

There has been a significant decline in honey bee populations. Due to ______ ______ _____. In this condition most adult worker bees abandon the hive leaving the queen behind and developing brood.

Native

The European honey bee is not ______ to the US.

Factors

The contributing _______ to CCD include:

• Pesticide

• Mite infestations

• Pathogens

• Habitat loss & fragmentation

• Poor nutrition due to limited floral resources.

decline

The _______ in honeybee populations has important economic, agricultural, and ecological consequences as many crops and other angiosperms rely on them.