APSC 1454 Exam 1

When did animal domestication begin?

15,000 years ago w dogs

10,000 years ago w livestock and cats

Developed Country

sovereign state w highly progressed economy, technological infrastructure, and generally a high standard of living

Underdeveloped country

low industrialization and low human development index

What percentage of global calorie consumption are animals responsible for?

18%

What percentage of global protein consumption are animals responsible for?

40%

Developed countries consume significantly _______ animal products than developing countries

more

Overall, the trend in meat consumption over the last 80 years has _____

increased

___ % of people in developed countries are directly involved in food production

5

____ % of people in underdeveloped countries are directly involved in food production

40

What compromises the greatest amount of meat consumption?

poultry and pork

What percentage of milk is produced by cows?

84

It is projected that meat production will increase by __ by 2050?

50%

Food demand is expected to increase by _____?

13%

What field has increased livestock production the most?

Poultry

Feed:Gain

Feed intake/Avg daily gain

Gain:Feed

Avg daily gain/feed intake

How many birds per hour do poultry plants process?

15,000

How many pigs per hour do swine plants process?

1,400

How many cows per hour do beef plants process?

400

What are some examples of advances that have made this possible?

- advances in automation

- image analysis system to sort broilers

- automatic filleting equipment

Examples of animal products produced:

- wood

- fertilizer

- by-products

What is a by-product

a secondary product made during manufacturing of significantly less value

Examples of by-products

- leather

- tallow/grease

- gelatin

- collagen

__ of US household's own pets

67%

What is the number 1 pet in the US by quantity?

Fish

What is the most common pet?

Dogs

Example of how animals are used for recreational purposes

Hunting and fishing

How many service animals are in the US

over 500K

Example of how animals are used for service purposes

Service and emotional support dogs

Examples of how animals are used for work purposes

- military

- airport security

- boarder security

- police

- search + rescue

Example of search and rescue dogs

- avalanche dogs

- police K9s

- fire fighters

How much cultivation power do dogs provide in developing countries?

52%

How much cultivation power do dogs provide in the US?

10%

Examples of entertainment in the animal industry

- Rodeo

- Horse racing

- Shows/Fairs

- Circus

- Zoos and Aquariums

Why are zoos and aquariums declining in the US?

Welfare concerns

How do animals contribute to research?

Animal models: pigs, mice, rats, rabbits, chickens

How are chickens used to contribute to research?

vaccines

How do animals contribute to human medicine?

Xenotransplantation - porcine heart valves, porcine skin

Xenotransplantation

process of grafting or transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species

Basic Research

Targeted at better understanding mechanisms of action. How or why, something occurs

Applied Research

Takes concepts learned from basic research and develops an implementable strategy that changes how we do something.

Animal Welfare Act

- 1960's

Mandates that warm-blooded animals be well cared for in both research and commercial areas

IACUC

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

What are the 3 R's

1. Reduction

2. Refinement

3. Replacement

Reduction

reduce the amount of animals if possible

Refinement

refine procedures to make processes are comfortable as possible

Replacement

replace animal w a non-animal sample when possible

Where are most beef cattle located?

the central plains, texas

Genus for cattle

Bos

Bovine

relating to or affecting cattle

Calf

young male or female cattle, typically under one year of age

Heifer

Female cattle who has not given birth

Cow

Female cattle who has given birth

Bull

uncastrated male cattle

Steer

castrated male cattle

Calving

act of giving birth to bovine

Beef

meat from cattle

Herd

group of cattle

Breed

group of related animals w/ distinguishing characteristics

maternal breeds

excel at mothering, raising calves, and producing milk

terminal breeds

excel at growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield

Dual purpose

have good maternal and terminal characteristics

What are beef cattle breeds distinguished by?

Coat color and presence of horns

Angus

- most popular beef breed in the US

- black

- easy births

- maternal historically

- there has been a lot of selection to improve carcass quality

- British

Hereford

- red body and white face

- British

- maternal

- very docile

- either horned or polled

Charolais

- white

- terminal

- continental Europe

- very muscular

- fast growing

- can be hard to work with, high strung

- more likely to have problems calving

Simmental

- black or red with white line down center of face

- continental Europe

- dual-purpose

- large

- good mothers

- good growth

- versatile

Brahman

- gray

- droopy ears, extra skin

- Indian

- heat tolerant

- aggressive

- poor meat quality

- large

- slow growth

Seedstock (beef cattle)

- purebred operation

- provide genetics for commercial producer

- registered with breed associations

- record pedigrees

- provide services to members

- provide genetic stock

- high investment in facilities and management

Cow/Calf operation (beef cattle)

- this is most beef producers

- calves are sold for beef around weaning (6 to 8 months)

- calve spring 75% and fall 25%

Calf - crop percentage

number of calved produced per 100 cows in the breeding herd

How does a cow/calf operator assess profitability? (beef cattle)

- calf crop percentage

- average calf weight at weaning

- Annual cow cost

How does average calf weight help assess profitability?

often reflects how much milk is being produced

Stocker/Backgrounder (beef cattle)

* extensive housing system

- buy weaned calves

- raise on pasture. grow slowly and gain weight cheaply

- sell cattle at 1+ years old

- common in VA

Factors to consider as a stocker producer (beef cattle)

- price

- growth potential

- amount and quality of forage

- health status

Feedlot (beef cattle)

- cattle are only on feedlot for 4-12 months

- buy feeders or stockers

- animals are confined to pens and are fed high energy grain diet

- market steer or heifer

- grow fast and put on fat

- send to slaughter

- over 80% receive a growth promoter (natural or synthetic)

- usually vaccinated again

Veal

meat from calves

Intensive housing

- high labor and capital

- small area of land, indoor, and climate controlled

- farmer regularly sees animals (multiple times a day)

Extensive housing

- limited labor and capital

- animals are scattered across large area of land

- outdoor

- animals harvest their own feed

- animals are seen daily or less frequently (this can cause problems during intense seasons)

Cow/Calf Housing Beef Cattle

- pasture

- may supplement hay/grain

Stockers housing beef cattle

- pastures

- wheat fields

Feedlot housing beef cattle

- open to outdoors

- may have windbreaks or sunshades

- dirt lot and big mount in the center so cows don't have to stand in the mud when it rains

- central alleyway for feed

What is considered to be a small beef cattle operation size?

500 - 1,000 heads

What is considered to be a large beef cattle operation size?

30,000 - 100,000 + heads

Grain - finished

- conventional, no special labeling

- animal spends the majority of its life on pasture

- spends 4-6 months at feedlot

- may or may not have received antibiotics or hormones

Grass - finished or grass - fed

- animal spends its entire life eating grass or forage

- may also eat grass, forage, hay, or silage at feedlot

- may be given antibiotics or hormones

Certified Organic

- cattle never receive antibiotics or hormones

- may be grain or grass finished, as long as the feed it 100% organic

Naturally raised or "never ever"

- cattle never receive antibiotics or hormones

- may be either grain or grass finished

- may spend time in feedlot

When is puberty reached in a bull?

6-10 months

When is puberty reached in a heifer?

4-14 months

How long is gestation in cattle?

283 days

How long is a bovine estrous cycle?

21 days

What is the reproductive goal for a cow?

1 cow per calf per year

free martin

a female calf born twin to a bull calf (90% will be infertile)

Cattle are __ which means they have ___ in their stomach

ruminants, 4 compartments

What does being a ruminant allow cattle to do?

- allows for fermentation of forage

- bacteria creates proteins

Wha part of the stomach in a ruminant is most similar to the human stomach?

The abomasum

Bloat

Health concern for beef cattle

- can't release gas from rumen

- the rumen expands and puts pressure on diaphragm and lungs

- swelling on the left side, severe discomfort

- prevention is key, treatment is hard because of its fast progression

Acidosis

Health concern in beef cattle

- abrupt decline in rumen pH

- shift to high grain diets, excessive consumption of certain carbs

Signs of acidosis

- cattle weak

- appears anorexic

- may have diarrhea

- may be dehydrated