Cells and Systems Grade 8

All living things

-are made of cell

-need energy

-can reproduce

-adapt to their environment

-grow and develop

-respond to their environment

Cell

basic unit of life

Energy

the ability to make things move or change

Nutrients

substances that provide the energy and material organisms need to grow

Metabolism

the sum of all life processes that take place in to cell

Stimulus

any change in an organisms environment

Response

an organism's reaction to a stimulus

Reproduction

the process by which all living things come from other living lines

Adaptations

physical characteristics or behaviours of a species that increase the chance of survival

Structure

parts of an organism that performs a certain task

Function

the purpose or task of a structure

Organ

a group of tissues that work together to perform a function

Organ System

a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task

Mycoplasma

type of microscopic organism, smallest know to man

Multicellular

made of more than one cell

Unicellular

made of one cell

Diffusion

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

a type of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane

Selectively Permeable Membrane

describes a type of membrane that only allows certain particle through

Specialized Cells

cells that have specific structures to help them perform certain tasks

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; blood, fat, cartilage, bones, tendons

Epitherial Tissue

covers the surface of the body and internal organ and lines inside or some organs (intestine)

Nervous Tissue

tissue of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Muscle Tissue

allows for movement

Striated Muscle Tissue

type of muscle tissue that allow movement

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

type of muscle tissue that pumps blood through the heart

Smooth Muscle Tissue

moves food along your intestine

Mechanical Digestion

physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Chemical Digestion

breakdown of large food particles into smaller particle by enzymes

Villi

small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that absorb nutrients

Inhalation

-ribs and diaphragm contract

-ribs pull up

-diaphragm moves downward

-chest and lung size increase

Exhalation

-ribs and diaphragm relax

-ribs move downward

-diaphragm moves up

-chest and lung size decrease

Red Blood Cells

small, pliable cells that have no nucleus and are specialized for carrying oxygen

White Blood Cells

blood cells specialized to fight infection

Platelets

cell fragments in the blood that helps stop bleeding from cuts

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease that produced rash and causes high fever and can cause blindness or death

Who was Galen?

the first person to observe internal body structures and how they worked

What did Galen map in the body?

major nerves

What did Galen believe about the liver?

he thought the liver was responsible for heating the body because of its size and amount of nerves

Cell Membrane

surround and protects the cell (controlled gateway)

Cell Wall

very rigid and provides support for plant/fungi cells (rigid covering)

- plant cell ONLY

Cytoplasm

holds organelles in place

Nuclueus

controls all cell activities (brain)

Vacuoles

membrane bound sac - acts as storage for waste or surplus (storage)

Chloroplast

where photosynthesis occurs (solar panels)

- plants ONLY

Mitocondria

chemical reaction occur to convert glucose into energy (powerhouse)

Ribosomes

provides proteins

Smooth ER

synthesis of lipids

Rough ER

folding/synthesizing proteins

- has ribosomes on it

Golgi Body

process/package lipids/proteins for export (post office)

Lysosomes

breaks down all cell material (digestive system)

Centrosome

organizes microtubules for proper cell division

Microscope

an optical device used for viewing very small object

Compound Light Microscope

microscope that has 2 or more lenses and a light source

Eyepiece

contains the lens that magnifies

Coarse Adjustment Knob

moves the stage up and down for focusing

Fine Adjustment Knob

brings the object into sharper focus

Revolving Nosepiece

holds 3 objective lens

Objective Lens

provided different strengths of magnification

Stage

supports the slide that holds the object being viewed

Stage Clips

holds the slide firmly on the stage

Diaphragm

has different sizes of holes to let in different amounts of light

Lamp

supplies that light that passes through the object you are viewing

Arm

allows you to carry the microscope

Base

serves as the foundation for the rest of the microscope