309 Abnormals Test #2

Patterns of lesions: annular

circular

Patterns of lesions: confluent

circle everywhere like hives

Patterns of lesions: discrete

different legions that are distinct like acne

Patterns of lesions: grouped

Clusters of lesions (vesicles of contact dermatitis)

Patterns of lesions: linear

a scratch, streak, line, or stripe

Patterns of lesions: target

circle with a ring around it like a tick bite

Patterns of lesions: zosteriform

lesions following a nerve (herpes zoster)

Patterns of lesions: polycyclic

elevated erythematous papules

Common primary lesion: macule

freckles

Patterns of lesions: gyrate

wormy 

Common primary lesion: patch

> 1 cm macule

Common primary lesion: papule

wart

Common primary lesion: plaque

> 1 cm papule

Common primary lesion: nodule

solid, elevated, >1cm

Common primary lesion: tumor

deeper into the dermis

Common primary lesion: wheal

like a mosquito bite

Common primary lesion: urticaria

like hives

Common primary lesion: vesicle

like chickenpox

Common primary lesion: bulla

friction blister

Common primary lesion: cyst

closed sac growth

Common primary lesion: pustule

like acne

Common secondary lesion: crust

thick, dried out exudate

Common secondary lesion: scale

skin flakes

Common secondary lesion: fissure

crack

Common secondary lesion: erosion

scooped-out, shallow depression

Common secondary lesion: ulcer

pressure injury

Common secondary lesion: excoriation

insect bites that had intense itching

Common secondary lesion: scar

fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after injury

Common secondary lesion: atrophic scar

depressed with loss of tissue

Common secondary lesion: lichenification

scratching, appears as moss

Common secondary lesion: keloid

excess scar tissue

abnormality of nails: scabies

thickened, crusty material under the nails)

abnormality of nails: onychomycosis

fungal

abnormality of nails: late clubbing

abnormality of nails: pitting

abnormality of hair: toxic alopecia

hair loss due to severe illness/chemotherapy

abnormality of hair: tinea capitis

scalp ringworm

abnormality of hair: traction alopecia

hair loss from trauma from tightness around hair

abnormality of hair: seborrheic dermatitis

cradle cap

abnormality of hair: folliculitis barbae

"razor bumps"

abnormality of hair: hirsutism

excess hair on the face in females

abnormality of hair: furnacle and abscess

infection

Parkinson's

loss of dopamine, flat and expressionless face, "masklike", staring gaze, oily skin, drooling

Cushing's

increase adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), steroid use, "moonlike" face, hump on back

Graves disease

hyperthyroidism, increased metabolic rate, exophthalmos, bulging eyes

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

Nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, excessive sweating and heat intolerance, palpitations, frequent bowel movements, muscular weakness of the proximal type and tremor

hypothyroidism (myxedema) symptoms

Decreased metabolism, weight gain, low body temp (Intolerance to cold), bradycardia, lethargy, pale, cool, DRY skin, puffy face, fatigue

Bell's Palsy

cranial nerve VII paralysis on one side of the whole face
(herpes simplex can cause)

Stroke

blood clot of the cerebral vessel or rupture, paralysis of the lower half of left side of face and left limbs

Acromegaly

increase of growth hormone, elongated head, big features, coarse features

Scleroderma

"hard skin", chronic connective tissue disorder associated with decreased mobility

Lymphadenopathy from acute infection

nodes are bilateral, warm, tender, firm but freely movable

Lymphadenopathy from allergy

enlargement of nodes

Lymphadenopathy from cancer

nodes are hard, >3 cm, unilateral, nontender, and fixed to adjacent structures

Cluster headaches

always one-sided, around eye and temple, continuous, sharp, burning

Migraine headaches

temples, forehead, behind eyes, throbbing/pulsating

Tension headache

occipital, frontal, band-like tightness

glaucoma

optic nerve compression by increased introcular pressure

age-related macular degradation

loss of central vision with unknown cause (possibly oxidative stress and inflammation)

diabetic retinopathy

nonproliferated changes that occur in retina, leading cause of blindness

presbyopia

decrease of sight due to old age

cataracts

clouding of lens due to continual growth of fibers

phoria

mild weakness, likely to cause amblyopia (lazy eye)

presbycusis

nerve degeneration, can't localize sound

mastoiditis

inflammation of mastoid process

otitis externa

outer ear inflection, swimmer's ear

otitis media

ear infection of the middle ear (younger children may require a tympanostomy tube)

conductive hearing loss

mechanical dysfunction of external ear or middle ear

reasons for conductive hearing loss

otosclerosis (ossicles fused), impacted cermem, foreign body, perforated TM

sensorineural hearing loss

pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or audiotry area of cerebral cortex of brain

reasons for sensorineural hearing loss

presbycusis, nerve degeneration

mixed hearing loss

combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

List of nose abnormalities

foreign body, nasal polyps, acute rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis

List of lip abnormalities

angular cheilitis (stomatitis), herpes simplex

list of mouth abnormalities

gingival hyperplasia (overgrowth gum), meth mouth, gingivitis, aphthous ulcers (blister inside of lip), candidiasis (white that rubs off- opportunistic infections from antibiotics), leukoplakia (white on side of tongue- cancer), black hairy tongue, bifid uvula (split of uvula- normal)

acute rhinitis

clear, watery discharge, rhinorrhea, dark red and swollen

allergic rhinitis

immune response, edema, swelling, smooth and glistening, pale

leukodema

benign, milky, bluish-white, opaque area, unknown cause

leukoplakia

chalky, white, thick patches on side of tongue, painless, smoking/alcohol use, precancerous

candidiasis

white, cheesy patch on buccal mucosa and tongue, opportunistic infection

black hairy tongue

painless overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungus infection (after antibiotics)

acute tensilitis

bright red, swollen tonsils, white/yellow exudate, enlarged, tender, fever

smooth glossy tongue

slick and shiny, dryness of tongue and burning, associated with a decrease in vitamin B12, decreased folic acid, and decreased iron

epistaxis

nosebleed

dysplagia

difficulty swallowing liquids or solids

3 normal breath sounds

bronchial, bronchovesicular, vesicular

adventitious sounds

not normally heard in lungs (crackles/wheezes)

lobar pneumothorax

increase RR, decreased expansion on affected side, fine medium crackles

heart failure

increased RR, SOB on exertion, ankle edema, nocturia, orthopnea, pallor, moist skin, clammy, crackle in lung base, S3 heart sounds

pneumothorax

unequal chest expansion, cyanosis, tachypnea, tracheal shift to affect side, chest decreased expansion on affected side, breath sounds decrease or absent

tuberculosis

cough, yellow-green sputum, blood-tinged, orthopnea, crackles over upper lobes

asthma

increased RR, SOB, accessory muscles used, wheezing, tachycardia (inhaled allergies/irritants)

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

hacking, coughing, fatigue, possible clubbing of nails, chronic dyspnea