Lecture Notes Review: Pap Smear, Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous Tissues, and Blood

A set of QUESTION_AND_ANSWER flashcards covering Pap smear basics, epithelial tissue naming, goblet cells, connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells), cartilage and bone (chondrocytes, osteocytes, lacunae), blood components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), bone marrow, intervertebral discs, muscle types, nervous tissue, and goblet cell locations as per the notes.

What is a Pap smear and how often is it recommended (per the notes)?

A test to check cervical/vaginal tissue; commonly recommended annually or as advised by a doctor.

In epithelial tissue naming, what does the first word (e.g., simple) indicate?

The number of cell layers.

In epithelial tissue naming, what does the second word (e.g., columnar) indicate?

The shape of the cells.

Which epithelial tissue type typically has goblet cells that secrete mucus and lines the intestines?

Simple columnar epithelium.

What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

Epithelium that changes shape; found in the bladder.

Where are pseudostratified epithelia commonly found?

In the lungs (airways).

Which epithelial tissue is commonly found in ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands?

Stratified cuboidal epithelium.

What are goblet cells and what do they do?

Mucus-secreting cells found in certain epithelia (e.g., simple columnar).

What is the cell type called in cartilage?

Chondrocyte.

What are the spaces in bone and cartilage that house cells called?

Lacunae.

What is the bone cell called?

Osteocyte.

Where in bone is red blood cell production located?

Red bone marrow in long bones.

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells that carry oxygen.

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells that fight infection.

What are platelets (thrombocytes) and their role?

Cell fragments that act in blood clotting.

What are macrophages?

Large phagocytic white blood cells involved in innate immunity; they engulf pathogens.

What do mast cells release and what are their roles?

Histamine (inflammation/allergy) and heparin (prevents clotting).

What is adipose tissue?

Tissue that stores fat.

What are the two main components of bone tissue mentioned?

Spongy bone and compact bone.

What are intervertebral discs and what cartilage are they made of?

Discs between vertebrae; made of fibrocartilage; act as shock absorbers.

Where are intervertebral discs located?

Between vertebrae.

What is the tissue type of the intervertebral disc?

Fibrocartilage.

What is the nerve cell called?

Neuron.

What are dendrites?

Branch-like extensions that receive signals to the neuron.

What is an axon?

The long projection that transmits signals away from the neuron cell body.

What structures connect cardiac muscle cells and what do they enable?

Intercalated discs; enable synchronized cardiac contraction.

Which muscle tissue is striated, branched, and has intercalated discs?

Cardiac muscle.

Which muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the digestive tract?

Smooth muscle.

Which muscle tissue is voluntary and attached to bones?

Skeletal muscle.

Where is nervous tissue primarily located in the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord.

What is the fancy term for nerve cells?

Neurons.

Where are goblet cells located according to the notes?

In the uterus, stomach, and intestines.

What triggers inflammation and allergy responses in the immune system?

Histamine (released by mast cells).

What is the role of heparin after surgery?

Prevents blood clotting.