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attachment theory
a theoretical perspective that draws on psychoanalytic thought to describe the development and importance of human attachments to emotionally significant other people
sexual orientation
the nature of a person’s enduring sexual, emotional, and/or romantic attraction to other people
the positive experience
mindfulness, flow, awe
Which theory do you think is the best
representation of well-being in the
population?
None, it depends on the person
classical conditioning
paired association (dog hears a leash)
operant conditioning
reinforcement and learning (training a dog to do a trick)
Critiques of behaviorism:
Ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion. Mostly based on animals. Ignores the social dimensions of learning.
Social learning:
focuses on what goes on between stimulus and response. acquire behavior by watching someone else do it and observing the consequences (Bobo doll)
affective forecasting
when we try to predict how we’ll feel in the future about something
hedonic well-being
focuses on pleasure, happiness, and the avoidance of pain
eudaimonic well-being
living a meaningful and purposeful life. it focuses on personal growth, self-realization, and living in accordance with one’s values
strategies to be happier
gratitude, medication, physical exercise, social connections, purpose in life
theories of well-being
bottom-up (situational), top-down (dispositional), bidirectional
personality processes
the mental activities of personality, including perception, thought, motivation, and emotion
learning
in behaviorism, a change in behavior as a result of experience
behaviorism (or behaviorist approach)
The theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment. A modern variant is the social learning approach, which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction.
habituation
the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications; this is the simplest kind of learning
learned helplessness
a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward and punishment, and theorized to be a basis of depression
self-efficacy
one’s beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal as one tries
self-concept
a person’s knowledge and opinions about oneself
observational learning
learning a behavior by watching someone else do it
entity theory
in Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities are fixed and unchangeable
incremental theory
In Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities can increase with experience and practice
procedural knowledge
what a person knows but cannot really talk about; sometimes called knowing how
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive emotions as accurately in oneself and others to control and use one’s own emotions constructively
cognitive control
using rational thinking to regulate one’s emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings
hedonic
seeking happiness through the pursuit of pleasure and comfort
eudaimonic
seeking happiness through developing one’s full potential, helping others, and building community
humanistic psychology
the approach to personality that emphasizes aspects of psychology that are distinctly human; closely related to the phenomenological approach and existentialism
phenomenology
the study of conscious experience of the world or way of interpreting reality
construal
an individual’s particular experience of the world or way of interpreting reality
introspection
the task of observing one’s own mental processes
existentialism
the approach to philosophy that focuses on conscious experience (phenomenology), free will, the meaning of life, and other basic questions of existence
Umwelt
In Binswanger’s phenomenological analysis, biological experiences such as the sensations a person feels of being a live animal
Mitwelt
in Binswanger’s phenomenological analysis, social experiences such as feelings and thoughts about others and oneself in relation to them
Eigenwelt
In Binswanger’s phenomenological analysis, the experience of experience itself; the result of introspection
thrown-ness
in Heidegger’s existential analysis, the era, location, and situation into which a person happens to be born
Angst
In existential philosophy, the anxiety that stems from doubts about the meaning and purpose of life; also called existential anxiety
anatta
In Zen Buddhism, the fundamental idea of “nonself”—that the single, isolated self is an illusion
anicca
In Zen Buddhism, the recognition that all things are temporary and, therefore, it is best to avoid attachments to them
nirvana
In Zen Buddhism, the serene state of selfless being that is the result of having achieved enlightenment
fully functioning person
In humanistic psychology, someone who, free of conditions of worth and other self-defeating tendencies, can express the good qualities intrinsic to everyone
sociality corollary
In Kelly’s personal construct theory, the principle that understanding another person requires understanding that person’s unique view of reality
mindful(ness)
In positive psychology, the idea that one should be consciously aware of and in control of every moment of your subjective experience
flow
the totally absorbing experience of engaging in an activity that is valuable for its own sake. In this, mood is slightly elevated and time seems to pass quickly
ego-syntonic
refers to thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one accepts as part of oneself and does not want to be cured of, even if others find them difficult to deal with
ego-dystonic
refers to troubling thoughts, feeling, beliefs, or behaviors that one experiences as alien or foreign and would like to be rid of
schizotypal personality disorder
an extreme pattern of odd beliefs and behaviors, and of difficulties relating to others
narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)
an extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy
antisocial personality disorder
an extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, and sometimes dangerous behavior
borderline personality disorder
an extreme and sometimes dangerous pattern of emotional instability, emotional emptiness, confused identity, and tendencies toward self-harm
avoidant personality disorder
an extreme pattern of feelings of inadequacy accompanied by fear of social contact
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
an extreme patten of rigidly conscientious behavior, including an anxious and inflexible adherence to rules and rituals, perfectionism, and a stubborn resistance to changen
negative affectivity
one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a tendency to feel negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and suspicion
detachment
one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a tendency to withdraw from and avoid emotional contacts with other people
antagonism
one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness, and manipulativeness
disinhibition
one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a lack of self-control and impulsive behavior
psychoticism
one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences, and to exhibit eccentric behavior
Which of the following statements about personality disorders is most accurate?
personality disorders are consistent, inflexible patterns that cause problems across multiple life areas, typically emerging in adolescence or early adulthood
Which of the following critiques the DSM’s categorical approach to diagnosing mental disorders?
the categorical system creates an arbitrary line between “normal” and “abnormal,” leading to over-pathologizing and stigma
Which of the following is a key characteristic of personality disorders?
the individual views their symptoms as normal and does not perceive a need for change
People with ___ PD tend not to care what others think, while people with ____ PD tend to care extensively what others think.
Schizotypal; Avoidant
Criteria for Personality Disorders:
unusually extreme personality attributes
problematic (for self or others)
affect social relationships and interactions
stable over time
symptoms are seen as normal and valued aspects of the self (distortion of reality)
Critiques of the DSM:
disorders are not categorical in the real world
arbitrary dividing line between (ab)normal
comorbidity is prevalent
cultural bias
influence of the pharmaceutical industry
lack of attention to underlying causes
The Bad Five Traits for Schizotypal
Detachment & Psychoticism
The Bad Five Trait for Antisocial
Antagonism & Disinhibition
The Bad Five Trait for Borderline
Negative Affectivity & Disinhibition
The Bad Five Trait for Narcissism
Antagonism
The Bad Five Trait for Avoidant
Negative Affectivity & Detachment
The Bad Five Trait for Obsessive-Compulsive
Negative Affectivity, Disinhibition VS. (rigid Conscientiousness), and Psychoticism
How does the “Bad Five” improve upon the categorical approach of the DSM?
traits exist on a continuum
helps to explain comorbidity
enhanced treatment plans
aligns with research
reduces stigma
