Exam 3 Flashcards

attachment theory

a theoretical perspective that draws on psychoanalytic thought to describe the development and importance of human attachments to emotionally significant other people

sexual orientation

the nature of a person’s enduring sexual, emotional, and/or romantic attraction to other people

the positive experience

mindfulness, flow, awe

Which theory do you think is the best
representation of well-being in the
population?

None, it depends on the person

classical conditioning

paired association (dog hears a leash)

operant conditioning

reinforcement and learning (training a dog to do a trick)

Critiques of behaviorism:

Ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion. Mostly based on animals. Ignores the social dimensions of learning.

Social learning:

focuses on what goes on between stimulus and response. acquire behavior by watching someone else do it and observing the consequences (Bobo doll)

affective forecasting

when we try to predict how we’ll feel in the future about something

hedonic well-being

focuses on pleasure, happiness, and the avoidance of pain

eudaimonic well-being

living a meaningful and purposeful life. it focuses on personal growth, self-realization, and living in accordance with one’s values

strategies to be happier

gratitude, medication, physical exercise, social connections, purpose in life

theories of well-being

bottom-up (situational), top-down (dispositional), bidirectional

personality processes

the mental activities of personality, including perception, thought, motivation, and emotion

learning

in behaviorism, a change in behavior as a result of experience

behaviorism (or behaviorist approach)

The theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment. A modern variant is the social learning approach, which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction.

habituation

the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications; this is the simplest kind of learning

learned helplessness

a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward and punishment, and theorized to be a basis of depression

self-efficacy

one’s beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal as one tries

self-concept

a person’s knowledge and opinions about oneself

observational learning

learning a behavior by watching someone else do it

entity theory

in Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities are fixed and unchangeable

incremental theory

In Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities can increase with experience and practice

procedural knowledge

what a person knows but cannot really talk about; sometimes called knowing how

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive emotions as accurately in oneself and others to control and use one’s own emotions constructively

cognitive control

using rational thinking to regulate one’s emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings

hedonic

seeking happiness through the pursuit of pleasure and comfort

eudaimonic

seeking happiness through developing one’s full potential, helping others, and building community

humanistic psychology

the approach to personality that emphasizes aspects of psychology that are distinctly human; closely related to the phenomenological approach and existentialism

phenomenology

the study of conscious experience of the world or way of interpreting reality

construal

an individual’s particular experience of the world or way of interpreting reality

introspection

the task of observing one’s own mental processes

existentialism

the approach to philosophy that focuses on conscious experience (phenomenology), free will, the meaning of life, and other basic questions of existence

Umwelt

In Binswanger’s phenomenological analysis, biological experiences such as the sensations a person feels of being a live animal

Mitwelt

in Binswanger’s phenomenological analysis, social experiences such as feelings and thoughts about others and oneself in relation to them

Eigenwelt

In Binswanger’s phenomenological analysis, the experience of experience itself; the result of introspection

thrown-ness

in Heidegger’s existential analysis, the era, location, and situation into which a person happens to be born

Angst

In existential philosophy, the anxiety that stems from doubts about the meaning and purpose of life; also called existential anxiety

anatta

In Zen Buddhism, the fundamental idea of “nonself”—that the single, isolated self is an illusion

anicca

In Zen Buddhism, the recognition that all things are temporary and, therefore, it is best to avoid attachments to them

nirvana

In Zen Buddhism, the serene state of selfless being that is the result of having achieved enlightenment

fully functioning person

In humanistic psychology, someone who, free of conditions of worth and other self-defeating tendencies, can express the good qualities intrinsic to everyone

sociality corollary

In Kelly’s personal construct theory, the principle that understanding another person requires understanding that person’s unique view of reality

mindful(ness)

In positive psychology, the idea that one should be consciously aware of and in control of every moment of your subjective experience

flow

the totally absorbing experience of engaging in an activity that is valuable for its own sake. In this, mood is slightly elevated and time seems to pass quickly

ego-syntonic

refers to thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one accepts as part of oneself and does not want to be cured of, even if others find them difficult to deal with

ego-dystonic

refers to troubling thoughts, feeling, beliefs, or behaviors that one experiences as alien or foreign and would like to be rid of

schizotypal personality disorder

an extreme pattern of odd beliefs and behaviors, and of difficulties relating to others

narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

an extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy

antisocial personality disorder

an extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, and sometimes dangerous behavior

borderline personality disorder

an extreme and sometimes dangerous pattern of emotional instability, emotional emptiness, confused identity, and tendencies toward self-harm

avoidant personality disorder

an extreme pattern of feelings of inadequacy accompanied by fear of social contact

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

an extreme patten of rigidly conscientious behavior, including an anxious and inflexible adherence to rules and rituals, perfectionism, and a stubborn resistance to changen

negative affectivity

one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a tendency to feel negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and suspicion

detachment

one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a tendency to withdraw from and avoid emotional contacts with other people

antagonism

one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness, and manipulativeness

disinhibition

one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a lack of self-control and impulsive behavior

psychoticism

one of five trait domains associated with personality disorders, it is characterized by a tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences, and to exhibit eccentric behavior

Which of the following statements about personality disorders is most accurate?

personality disorders are consistent, inflexible patterns that cause problems across multiple life areas, typically emerging in adolescence or early adulthood

Which of the following critiques the DSM’s categorical approach to diagnosing mental disorders?

the categorical system creates an arbitrary line between “normal” and “abnormal,” leading to over-pathologizing and stigma

Which of the following is a key characteristic of personality disorders?

the individual views their symptoms as normal and does not perceive a need for change

People with ___ PD tend not to care what others think, while people with ____ PD tend to care extensively what others think.

• Schizotypal; Avoidant

Criteria for Personality Disorders:

1. unusually extreme personality attributes

2. problematic (for self or others)

3. affect social relationships and interactions

4. stable over time

5. symptoms are seen as normal and valued aspects of the self (distortion of reality)

Critiques of the DSM:

• disorders are not categorical in the real world

• arbitrary dividing line between (ab)normal

• comorbidity is prevalent

• cultural bias

• influence of the pharmaceutical industry

• lack of attention to underlying causes

The Bad Five Traits for Schizotypal

Detachment & Psychoticism

The Bad Five Trait for Antisocial

Antagonism & Disinhibition

The Bad Five Trait for Borderline

Negative Affectivity & Disinhibition

The Bad Five Trait for Narcissism

Antagonism

The Bad Five Trait for Avoidant

Negative Affectivity & Detachment

The Bad Five Trait for Obsessive-Compulsive

Negative Affectivity, Disinhibition VS. (rigid Conscientiousness), and Psychoticism

How does the “Bad Five” improve upon the categorical approach of the DSM?

• traits exist on a continuum

• helps to explain comorbidity

• enhanced treatment plans

• aligns with research

• reduces stigma