AP Psych Chp 14

Social Psych

The social psychology of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.

Attribution theory

The theory that we explain peoples behavior by either the situation or the person's disposition.

Fundamental Attribution error

The tendency for observers when analyzing other people behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (blaming the person without considering the situation)

Ex. Havens sleeping in class because shes lazy and doesn't care, but really she didn't get enough sleep last night because she was doing HW

Attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a certain way to objects people and events. 

Peripheral route persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues

Ex. a speakers attractiveness, a celebrity endorsement

Central Route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond w favorable thoughts

Ex. when buying a car you focus on the price of it

foot in the door 

the tendency for people who have agreed to small requests to comply later to a large one 

Role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Cognitive dissonance theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when 2 of out thoughts (cognitive) are inconsistent

Ex. I want to stop running, but I also want a good mile time

Door in the face

Asking for a large request, to work your way down, then maybe they'll say yes to something smaller

EX. asking your parents for $100 when you really only want 20, so then when you ask for 20 it seems like nothing

Conformity

adjusting out behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, you don't want to feel awkward and different 

Ex. Ash→line experiment

ash had students in a group say obviously wrong answers to see if the person would say the wright answer or conform

Normative Social Influence

influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational Social Influence

influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality

Zimbargo 

prison experiment, tested roles and power of siutations

Social Faciliation

Improved performance on simple tasks Infront of other people

Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to expert less effort then when working by themselves

Ex. one person doesn't do the group project because they think their peers will

Deindivisuation

The loss of self awareness and self restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal 

Ex. you would no trash wickford by yourself, but you would if you are in a group with a bunch of people and may have a mask on

• you are not a person

Milgrim

shock experiment, obedience

Just world Phenomonom

good is rewarded, evil is punished

ex. rich see their wealth and the poor's misfortune as deserved

Prejudice

an unjustifiable and normally negative attitude toward a group and its members. generally involves stereotypes, negative feelings and predisposition to discriminatory actions.

• thought, not an action

Sterotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

Ex. teens are bad drivers

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward group

• action

In groups

“US”- people with whom we share a common identity 

Out group

“Them”- thos perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favor our ingroup

Scapegoat theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Other race effect 

The tendency to recall faces from ones own face more accurately than other faces 

Group polarization

Before going to a concert you LIKE he preformer, but after you are obsessed with the preformer and buy merch 

Group think

Dont rock the boat/ go with the flow

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Frustration- aggression principal

frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- created anger, which can generate aggression

Social Script

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Ethnocentrism

type of prejudice, “Im the best nobodys better than me”

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to something, increases you liking something

• when you hear a song for the first time you might not like it, but after hearing it a couple times you might like it

• connected to proximity

Passionate Love 

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship 

Compassionate Love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Equity

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proposition to what they give to it

self disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others 

3 ingredients to attraction 

• proximity 

• attractiveness 

• similarity 

Reward theory of attraction

we like those whose behavior benefits us and not costs us

Altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

• I'm doing this for him just because, not trying to gain anything

Bystander effect 

The tendency for ny given bystander to to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present 

• kitty geneverve murder in ny 

Social exchange theory

Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim to which maximize benefits, minimize costs

recipocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt people who have helped them

Social responsibility norm 

An expectation that people will help those needing of their help 

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

Social Trap

A situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Mirror image perceptions 

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. 

Self fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT 

“graduated and reciprocated initiatives” in tension reduction strategies designed to decrease international tensions