Positive ions formed by metals losing valence electrons
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What are anions?
Negative ions formed by non-metals gaining electrons
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What determines the number of electrons lost/gained?
The electron configuration of the atom
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What causes ionic bonding?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
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What traits do ionic compounds have under normal conditions?
They are solid and have lattice structures and display non-volatile properties, are conductors when aqueous or molten, have low boiling and melting points, and are soluble in polar substances
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How is a covalent bond formed?
The electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the positively charged nuclei
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How many pairs of electrons do single, double, and triple bonds share respectively?
one, two, and three
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What is the relationship between bond **length** and the number of shared electrons?
As the number of shared electrons increases, bond length decreases
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What is the relationship between bond **strength** and the number of shared electrons?
As the number of shared electrons increases, bond strength increases
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What is bond polarity?
The partial charge in compounds caused by the difference in electronegativities of bonded atoms
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What are Lewis structures?
Representations of all the valence electrons in a covalently bonded species
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What is the octet rule?
The tendency of atoms to gain a valence shell with a total of eight electronsWh
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Which elements may form incomplete octets whilst being stable?
Beryllium (Be) and boron (B)
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What is resonance structure?
A structure that represents more than one possible position for a double bond in a molecule
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What is VSEPR?
Valence shell electron pair repulsion: the determination of the shape of species according to the repulsion of electron pairs
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Which two elements can form covalent network (giant covalent) structures?
Carbon (C) and silicon (Si)
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17
How relaxed is this boy?
He is a very relaxed boy
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18
What are the different types of intermolecular forces?
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding
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What is the relative strength of the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest?
London dispersion forces < dipole-dipole forces < hydrogen bonds 💪
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What is a metallic bond?
The electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive ions and delocalized electrons
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What determines the strength of a metallic bond?
The charge of the ions and the radius of the metal ion
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What are alloys?
Compounds that contain more than one metal and have enhanced properties
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