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What are cations?
Positive ions formed by metals losing valence electrons
What are anions?
Negative ions formed by non-metals gaining electrons
What determines the number of electrons lost/gained?
The electron configuration of the atom
What causes ionic bonding?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What traits do ionic compounds have under normal conditions?
They are solid and have lattice structures and display non-volatile properties, are conductors when aqueous or molten, have low boiling and melting points, and are soluble in polar substances
How is a covalent bond formed?
The electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the positively charged nuclei
How many pairs of electrons do single, double, and triple bonds share respectively?
one, two, and three
What is the relationship between bond length and the number of shared electrons?
As the number of shared electrons increases, bond length decreases
What is the relationship between bond strength and the number of shared electrons?
As the number of shared electrons increases, bond strength increases
What is bond polarity?
The partial charge in compounds caused by the difference in electronegativities of bonded atoms
What are Lewis structures?
Representations of all the valence electrons in a covalently bonded species
What is the octet rule?
The tendency of atoms to gain a valence shell with a total of eight electronsWh
Which elements may form incomplete octets whilst being stable?
Beryllium (Be) and boron (B)
What is resonance structure?
A structure that represents more than one possible position for a double bond in a molecule
What is VSEPR?
Valence shell electron pair repulsion: the determination of the shape of species according to the repulsion of electron pairs
Which two elements can form covalent network (giant covalent) structures?
Carbon (C) and silicon (Si)
He is a very relaxed boy
What are the different types of intermolecular forces?
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding
What is the relative strength of the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest?
London dispersion forces < dipole-dipole forces < hydrogen bonds 💪
What is a metallic bond?
The electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive ions and delocalized electrons
What determines the strength of a metallic bond?
The charge of the ions and the radius of the metal ion
What are alloys?
Compounds that contain more than one metal and have enhanced properties
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