Lecture Posterior Leg, Popliteal Fossa, and Foot

popliteal fossa is a transition b/t _

thigh and leg

upper margins of the popliteal fossa

medially: distal ends of semitendinosus and semimebranosus

laterally: distal ends of biceps femoris

lower margins of popliteal fossa

medially: medial head of gastrocemius

laterally: plantaris m + lateral head of gastrocnemius

floor of popliteal fossa

capsule of the knee joint

adjacent surfaces of femur and tibia

popliteus m

roof of popliteal fossa

deep fascia

contents of popliteal fossa

popliteal a/v

tibial and common fibular nerves

course of the tibial n in the popliteal fossa

descends vertically and exits deep to the plantaris muscle

course of the common fibular nerve in popliteal fossa

exits following biceps femoris tendon on lower lateral margin

popliteal artery gives rise to _

branches for adjacent muscles

geniculate arteries of the knee

popliteal vein becomes

femoral vein

how does the popliteal v exit the popliteal fossa

exits superiorly to become femoral v

neurovasculature of the popliteal fossa from medidal to lateral

popliteal a -> popliteal v -> tibial n

posterior leg muscles general function

plantarflexion

inversion of foot

toe flexion

groups of posterior leg muscles

superficial

deep

superficial leg muscles

gastrocnemius

plantaris

soleus

shared function of superficial posterior leg muscles

plantarflex the foot

posterior leg muscles are innervated by

tibial nerve

gastrocnemius function

plantarflex

flex knee

plantaris function

plantarflex

flex knee

soleus function

plantarflex foot

deep posterior leg muscles

popliteus

flexor hallucis longus

flexor digitorum longus

tibialis posterior

which is the only deep posterior leg muscle that works on the knee

popliteus

popliteus function

stabilizes the knee by resisting lateral rotation of tibia

unlocks knee via LR of femur on tibia

how does the popliteus unlock the knee

laterally rotates the femur on tibia

flexor hallucis longus function

flexes big toe

flexor digitorum longus function

flex the lateral 4 toes

What nerve emerges from the popliteal fossa and continues laterally along the leg?

common fibular n

what separates the anterior and posterior compartment of the leg

interossues membrane

tibialis posterior function

inversion

plantarflexion

support medial arch of the foot while walking

major blood supply to the leg and foot

popliteal a

the popliteal a passes into posterior compartment of leg between

gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles

popliteal a divides into _ in the deep region of posterior compartment

anterior tibial a

posterior tibial a

branches of the popliteal a

anterior tibial

posterior tibial

sural a

what do the sural arteries supply

gastronemicus

soleus

plantaris

course of the posterior tibial a in posterior leg

descends on superficial surfaces of tibialis posteiror and flexor digitorum longus

branches of posterior tibial a

circumflex fibular a

fibular a

tibial nerve branches

motor branches for the posterior leg muscles

sensory: sural n medial calcaneal n

sensory branches of tibial n

sural n

medial calcaneal n

sural n supplies

skin on lower posterolateral surface of the leg

lateral side of foot and little toe

medial calcaneal n supplies

skin on medial surface and sole of heel

sensory innervation of the lateral calf

lateral cutaneous nerve of calf (common fibular)

spinal levels of tibial n

L4-S3 spinal nerve roots

Identify the artery that is the continuation of the popliteal artery and supplies the posterior compartment of the leg

posterior tibial a

forefoot consists of

metatarsals

phalanges

midfoot consists of

navicular

cuboid

cuneiforms

hindfoot contins

talus

calcaneus

groupings of the bones of the foot

tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

subdivisions of the foot

ankle

metatarsus

digits

abduction and adduction of the toes are defined with respect to

2nd toe

proximal tarsals

talus

calcaneus

articulation of the ankle joint

talus (foot) + tibia and fibula (leg)

largest tarsal bone

calcaneus

calcaneus articulates with

cuboid bone

talus bone

type of joint for the ankle

synovial hinge joint

functions of the foot arches

absorb and distribute downward forces from the body during standing and moving

what forms the longitudinal arch of the foot

posterior end of calcaneus

head of metatarsals

which longitudinal arch is highest

medial longitudinal arch

where is the transverse arch of the foot highest

coronal plane that cuts through the head of the talus and disappears near the heads of the metatarsals

ligaments that support foot arches

spring ligament

short plantar lig

long plantar lig

plantar aponeurosis

muscles that support foot arches

tibiailis anterior

tibialis posteior

fibularis longus

what is the plantar aponeurosis anchored to

medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity

dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot

extensor hallucis brevis

extensor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis function

extend MTP joint

extensor digitorum brevis function

extend toes 2-4

innervation of dorsal foot muscles

deep fibular n

first layer of intrinsic plantar muscles

abductor hallucis

flexor digitorum brevis

abductor digiti minimi

abductor hallucis function and innervation

Abducts and flexes great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

medial plantar n of tibial

flexor digitorum brevis function and innervation

Flexes lateral four toes at proximal interphalangeal joint

Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve

abductor digiti minimi function and innervation

Abducts little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

Lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve

2nd layer of plantar intrinsic muscles

quadratus plantae

lumbricals (4)

what passes through 2nd layer of plantar muscles

tendons of flexor digitorum longus

quadratus plantae function and innervation

Assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II to V

lateral plantar n (tibial)

lumbricals function

flextion of MTP and extension of ITP joints

resist excessive extension of MTP/ flexion of ITP when heel leaves the ground in walking

lumbricals innervation

first: medial plantar n

2-4: lateral plantar n

third layer of plantar muscles

flexor hallucis brevis

adductor hallucis

flexor digiti minimi brevis

flexor hallucis brevis function + innervation

flex MTP of big toe

medial plantar n

adductor hallucis innervation

lateral plantar n

flexor digiti minimi brevis innervation

lateral plantar n

fourth layer of planatar muscles

dorsal interossei

plantar interossei

interossei innervation

lateral plantar n

dorsal interossei function

abduction of toes 2-4

resist extension of MTP / flexion of ITP

plantar interossie function

adduction of toes 3-5

retinacula in the foot function

bands of connective tissue that serve to strap and hold tendons in place at the ankle and foot, preventing tendon bowing during movement

types of retinacula in the foot

extensor retinacula

flexor retinaculum

fibular retinacula

nerve supply of the foot

tibial

deep fibular

superficial fibular

sural

saphenous

main nerve for the intrinsic foot muscles

tibial n

outliers of intrinsic foot muscle innervation

extensor digitorum brevis (deep fibular n)

deep fibular n innervates which foot muscles

extensor digitorum brevis

first and second dorsal interossei

how does the tibial n enter the foot

through the tarsal tunnel posterior to the medial malleolus

branches of the tibial n in the foot

medial calcaneal n

medial plantar n

lateral plantar n

sensory innervation of the sole of the foot

medial: medial plantar nerve

lateral: lateral plantar n

inner medial sole: saphenous n

outer lateral sole: sural n

heel: tibial n

dorsal foot sensory innervation

majority: superficial fibular n

medial ankle: saphenous n

lateral pinky: sural n

in between big toe and second toe: deep fibular n

blood supply to the foot

branches of posterior tibial a

dorsalis pedis

posterior tibial a enters the foot through

tarsal tunnel

posterior tibial a bifurcates into _ in the foot

medial plantar a

lateral plantar a

lateral plantar a gives rise to

deep plantar arch

dorsalis pedis a is a continuation of

anterior tibial a

dorsalis pedis a becomes

deep plantar artery

branches of dorsalis pedis artery

tarsal arteries

arcuate artery

first dorsal metatarsal a

which veins of the foot follow arteries

deep veins