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Renaissance
European movement from the rediscovery of classical texts of Ancient Greece and Rome
Humanism
Philosophy focusing on the unlimited potential of human beings
Philology
Study of language history and development
Secularism
Decoupling of religious belief from society
Individualism
Emphasis on the triumph of the individual over the community
Civic Humanism
Application of intellectual work to political and economic realities of the state
Printing Press
Invention by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized the spread of ideas
Christian Humanism
Movement seeking reform through the study of Christian texts
New Monarchs
Rulers consolidating power by reducing Church and noble influence
Mercantilism
Economic theory focusing on exporting more than importing for wealth
Reconquista
Campaign by Spain to drive out Jews and Muslims and promote Catholicism
Maritime Empires
Sea-based empires expanding through exploration and trade
Astrolabe
Navigation tool for determining latitude
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement dividing land between Spain and Portugal for exploration
Columbian Exchange
Global transfer of organisms between Old and New Worlds due to European Imperialism
Cast System
Social hierarchy system based on race and ancestry
Encomienda
Labor system in Spanish colonies granting land and labor of indigenous people to settlers
African Slave Trade
Trade system centered around the establishment of plantation economies in the Americas
Middle Passage
Voyage of slave ships from Africa to the Americas
Commercial Revolution
Shift to a money-based economy in Europe, with the rise of banks and commerce
Bank Europe
Financial institution pivotal in the European money economy
Barter System
Trading goods and services directly without money
Double Entry Book System
Accounting method to record financial transactions
Dutch East India Company
Prominent joint-stock company in Dutch trade history
Price Revolution
Period of significant price inflation due to silver influx
Enclosure Movement
English land privatization negatively impacting peasants
Nobles of the Robe
Wealthy commoners buying nobility during Commercial Revolution
Serfdom Changes
Shifts in serfdom freedom and urban migration impact
Unit 2 (1450-1648)
Historical period encompassing significant events in Europe
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement challenging Catholic practices
Simony
Selling of Church offices for monetary gain
Sola Scriptura
Belief in the Bible as the ultimate Christian authority
95 Theses
Martin Luther's propositions against Catholic practices
Diet of Worms
Imperial assembly that excommunicated Martin Luther
Predestination
Belief that God has already chosen who will be saved
Doctrine of the Elect
Concept similar to predestination in Calvinism
Church of England
Religious body formed under Queen Elizabeth I
Wars of Religion
Conflicts in Europe over religious differences
Huguenots
French Protestant group in conflict with Catholics
Massacre of Vassy
Violent event targeting French Huguenots
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Mass killing of Huguenots in Paris
War of the 3 Henry's
Political turmoil involving French factions
Edict of Nantes
Decree granting religious freedom in France
Catholic Counter Reformation
Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation
