Infant and Pediatric Hip Vocabulary

A set of 50 vocabulary flashcards covering infant and pediatric hip anatomy, movements, clinical exams, and sonographic techniques based on lecture notes.

Flexion

The movement of bending forward.

Extension

The movement of bending backward.

Abduction

The movement of moving sideways outward.

Adduction

The movement of moving sideways inward.

Psoas major, iliacus, and rectus femoris

The primary flexors of the hip.

Hamstrings and gluteus maximus

The muscles responsible for hip extension, which is limited to $20\,degrees$.

Adductor group

The group of muscles that performs hip adduction, such as crossing your legs in a seated position.

Gluteus medius and minimus

Muscles that perform abduction to open the limbs and prevent adduction during walking.

Femoral shaft angle

The head of the femur sits at an angle of about $120\,degrees$ to the shaft.

Medial rotation

Occurs when the trochanter moves forward.

Lateral rotation

Occurs when the trochanter moves backward.

Medial rotators

The anterior fibers of the gluteus medius and minimus.

Lateral rotators

The piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris, assisted by the gluteus maximus.

Developmental Displacement of the Hip (DDH)

An abnormality where the femoral head and acetabulum are not in their normal, congruent position.

Normal laxity

The frequent cause of hip displacement diagnosed in the neonatal period up to $4-6\,weeks$ of age.

Breech

A risk factor for the development of DDH.

DDH Gender Prevalence

Females are affected $2.5$ times more than males.

Left hip

The specific side affected in $64\%$ of DDH cases.

Galeazzi sign

A clinical sign where the knee is lower in position on the affected side when the patient is supine and the knees are flexed.

Asymmetric skin folds

A visual inspection finding associated with a dislocated hip.

Maternal hormones

The waning of these may allow hip instability to resolve after $4-6\,weeks$.

Barlow maneuver

A clinical maneuver used to determine if the hip can be dislocated.

Ortolani maneuver

A clinical maneuver used to determine if a dislocated femoral head can be reduced back into the acetabulum.

$$12-15\,MHz$$

The high-frequency linear-array transducer range used for premature infants.

$$7.5-9\,MHz$$

The transducer frequency used for average weight neonates up to $3\,months$ of age.

$$5.0-7.5\,MHz$$

The transducer frequency used for infants between $3$ and $7\,months$ of age.

$$3\,MHz$$

The transducer frequency used for infants after $7\,months$ of age.

Ambidextrous scanning

The technique of using the left hand for the right hip and the right hand for the left hip during a bilateral exam.

Coronal view

The sonographic view crucial for assessing acetabular development.

Neutral View

A coronal study position where the femur is stabilized with flexion of about $15-20\,degrees$.

Flexed View

A coronal study position where the hip is held at $90\,degrees$ of flexion.

Ball on a spoon

The sonographic appearance of the coronal/flexed view where the femoral head is the ball and the acetabulum is the spoon.

Iliac line

The structure that forms the "handle" in the "ball on a spoon" sonographic appearance.

Gluteus medius (landmark)

A hypoechoic structure seen superolateral to the labrum in the coronal/flexion view.

Triradiate cartilage

A landmark visualized in both coronal and transverse sonographic views of the hip.

Transverse/Flexion View

Acquired by rotating the transducer $90\,degrees$ and moving it posteriorly over the hip joint.

Deep U appearance

The sonographic appearance of the transverse image during abduction.

Graf Type I

Hips that are normal and require no further evaluation.

Graf Type II

Hips that must be monitored with required follow-up studies.

Graf Type III and IV

Hip classifications that must be treated.

Alpha angle ($\alpha$)

In the Graf technique, the angle measured between lines 1 and 2.

Beta angle ($\beta$)

In the Graf technique, the angle measured between lines 1 and 3.

Closed reduction

The initial treatment for uncomplicated DDH, which may involve diapers, casts, or braces.

Pavlik harness

The most commonly used device for DDH treatment that allows access to monitor the joint's response.

$$6-8\,weeks$$

The timeframe within which the hip joint often stabilizes during Pavlik harness treatment.

Septic arthritis

An indication for sonography of the neonatal hip involving infection.

Joint effusion

The accumulation of fluid in the hip joint, which is an indication for sonographic evaluation.

Ischium

The structure the femoral head should remain in contact with during stress in a normal hip.

Femoral metaphysis

A structure that is not visualized in the coronal/flexed sonographic view.

Proximal focal femoral deficiency

A specific congenital indication for sonography of the neonatal hip.