Organic Reagents and Conditions Y13

Hydrogenation of a benzene ring

H₂, Ni, 300 ⁰C, 30 atm

Formation of a Chloroarene (Chlorinate a benzene ring)

Cl₂ with AlCl₃/FeCl₃ + HEAT

Formation of Bromoarene (Brominating a benzene ring)

Br₂ with AlBr₃/FeBr₃ + HEAT

Nitration of a benzene ring (nitrobenzene is yellow and oily)

Conc HNO₃ and Conc H₂SO₄

Alkylation of a benzene ring (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation)

R-Cl/R-Br with AlCl₃ or FeBr₃

Addition of a carbonyl group to a benzene ring

RCOCl with AlCl₃, 60 ⁰C

Formation of a phenoxide salt

phenol in alkali conditions

Formation of sodium phenoxide

phenol + Na

Azo-coupling reaction

phenol + diazonium salt, NaOH

Bromination of phenol

aqueous bromine (bromine water)

Observation for bromination of phenol

white ppt, smells of antiseptic, decolourises bromine water from brown to colourless

Addition of 1 nitro group to phenol

dilute HNO₃

Addition of 3 nitro groups to phenol

conc HNO₃

Bromination of phenylamine

bromine water

Formation of a diazonium salt

Phenyl amine, NaNO₂, HCl, <10 ⁰C (HNO₂ formed in situ)

Halogenation of an alkyl side chain on benzene

Cl₂/Br₂ in UV light