content test biology

Prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have both.

Role of organelles

They carry out specialized tasks, such as energy production (mitochondria), protein synthesis (ribosomes), and waste removal (lysosomes).

Viruses

Viruses are not living; they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolism without a host cell.

Functions of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins build and repair tissues, and lipids store energy and make up cell membranes.

Purpose of photosynthesis

To convert solar energy into chemical energy (glucose) in plants.

Cellular respiration

It breaks down glucose to release energy (ATP); can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).

Energy and matter cycling

Through digestion and metabolic processes, nutrients are broken down and used for energy and cell function.

Cell organization in multicellular organisms

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Importance of mitosis

It allows for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Cellular differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.

Asexual vs sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces identical offspring; sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces genetic variation.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, enabling sexual reproduction.

Inherited traits

DNA, genes, and chromosomes determine traits through the inheritance of alleles.

Genotype vs phenotype

Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the physical expression of traits.

Natural selection

A process where individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully.

Trait increase in populations

Favorable traits become more common due to increased reproductive success.

Evidence for biological evolution

Fossil record, genetics, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

Engineering design process steps

Define the problem, brainstorm, design, test, and improve.

Engineering design in biology

To develop technologies like genetic engineering or food web simulations.

Effective biology learning

Through hands‑on investigations, modeling, and the use of tools and data.

Biology in daily life

By applying biological knowledge to health, environment, technology, and problem‑solving in real‑world contexts.