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Stereotype defintion
a preconceived social perception of a person based on group membership or physical attributes.
How do stereotypes affect the perception of group members?
They lead to generalizations that ignore individual differences and assume all members of a group have the same qualities.
How is stereotyping linked to Social Identity Theory (SIT)?
It reflects outgroup homogeneity (seeing outgroup members as more similar) and ingroup favoritism.
What is stereotype threat?
The fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group, which can cause anxiety and lower performance on tasks.
How does stereotyping act as a form of social categorization?
It influences the behavior of both those who hold the stereotype and those who are labeled by it.
What was the aim of Steele and Aronson (1995)?
To investigate how stereotype threat affects test performance in African Americans.
Who were the participants in Steele and Aronson's study?
Stanford undergraduates, both African American and Caucasian, male and female.
What were the two test conditions used in the procedure?
1) Described as a test of intellectual ability, and
2) Described as a test of problem-solving skills.
What was the stereotype being activated in this study?
The stereotype that African Americans have lower intellectual ability.
How was the stereotype activated during the study?
Participants were asked to indicate their race before taking the test, and some were told it was an intellectual ability test.
What were the results of the study?
African Americans performed worse than Caucasians in the "intellectual ability" condition, but there was no significant difference in the "problem-solving" condition.
What do the results suggest about stereotype threat?
Stereotype threat increased cognitive load and anxiety in African Americans, leading to worse performance.
How does Steele and Aronson’s study support the theory of stereotype threat?
It shows that fear of confirming a stereotype can lead to anxiety and lower performance, supporting the concept of stereotype threat as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What does stereotype threat cause that can impair performance?
Increased stress, anxiety, and cognitive load.