Clep 2 US History

16. Abraham Lincoln

republican, civil war, emancipation proclamation, assassination by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford's Theatre, served 2 terms(ish)

17. Andrew Johnson

democrat, reconstruction, clashed w/ congress, impeached (1 vote shy of being removed from office), served 1 term

18. Ulysses S Grant

republican, political corruption, credit moblier scandal, panic of 1873, served 2 terms

19. Rutherford B Hayes

Republican, Hayes-Tilden Standoff (electoral count act--- compromise of 1877), civil rights act of 1875 (jim crow laws), served 1 term

20. James A Garfield

Republican, assassinated by Charles J Guiteau on Sept 19, 1881, served 1 term(ish)

21. Charles A. Arthur

Pendleton Act of 1883 (attempted to stop political corruption, civil service commision), served 1 term

22. Grover Cleveland

Democrat, proposed a lower tariff to congress to bring lower priced to consumer-cost he and his party the next election, served 1 term

23. Benjamin Harrison

Republican, Billion-Dollar Congress, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 (discredited Republican party), McKinley tariff of 1890- brought more economic troubles to farmers, Sherman Silver Act Purchase of 1890- precursor to the Panic of 1893 (depreciated the value of silver due to the drastic rise of silver circulation), served 1 term

24. Grover Cleveland

Democrat, Panic of 1893 (Sherman Silver Act Purchase of 1890), anti-imperialism, served 1 term

25. William McKinley

Republican, Gold Standard Act of 1900, imperialist (annexation of hawaii), assassinated by a deranged anarchist on Sept 14, 1901, served 1 term

26. Theodore Roosevelt

Republican, Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Progressivism, Panic of 1907, served 2 terms

27. William Howard Taft

republican, trust buster, progressivism, served one term

28. Woodrow Wilson

Democrat, Federal Reserve Act, WWl (14 points address, league of nations, treaty of versailles), 18th amendment (prohibition), 19th amendment (womens suffrage), "Red Scare", served 2 terms

29. Warren G. Harding

republican, "roaring 20s" (automobile industry, aviation industry, flappers), corruption (teapot dome scandal), soft president, five power treaty/four power treaty, died in office Aug 2, 1923, served one term

30. Calvin Coolidge

republican, capper-volstead act, dawes plan of 1924, served one term

31. Herbert Hoover

republican, McNary-Haugen Bill, Hawley-Smoot Tariff, the great depression ("black tuesday (october 29, 1929)), served one term

32. Franklin D Roosevelt

Democrat, New Deal (RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM, didn't work), WWll (Yalta Conference), died in office in April 12, 1945, served 4(ish) terms

33. Harry S Truman

Democrat, end of WWll (division of germany, united nations, powtwar economy), servicemen's readjustment act (GI Bill), served 2 terms

34. Dwight D Eisenhower

republican, amistice signed ("ending of Korea War), McCarthyism, "Operation Wetback" (rounded up a million illegal mexican immigrants), Stategic Air Command (SAC), Space race (Sputnick l and ll, National Aeronautics and Space Admin (NASA)), served 2 terms

35. John F Kennedy

Democrat, catholic, new fronteir (peace corps), strategy of flexible response, bay of pigs (cuban missile crisis, arms race), tax cuts, assassinated on nov 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald, served 1 term(ish)

36. Lyndon B Johnson

democrat, civil rights (CR Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Affirmative Action, Gulf of Tonkin (vietnam war), war on poverty ("Great society", medicare, medicaid), Counterculture, served 2 terms

37. Richard Nixon

republican, vietnamization, detente policy w/ china and the soviet union, end of vietnam war (last americans were evacuated from vietname on april 29, 1975), resigned from office in 1974 following the watergate scandal, served 2 terms(ish)

38. Gerald Ford

Republican, Helsinki Accords, served one term (first unelected pres in US history- Nixon resigned but fired VP and chose Ford so he was never elected)

39. Jimmy Carter

Democrat, rising inflation, oil crisis, soviet invasion of Afghanistan, iranian hostage crisis, served one term

40. Ronald Reagan

Republican, noe-conservatism (reduced the size of the gov). cut taxes, shrunk the fed budget (supply-side economics, increase in military spending), large increase in national debt, increasingly friendly relations w/ Soviet Union, served 2 terms

41. George H.W. Bush

republican, persian gulf war (operation desert storm) (Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait), Americans w/ Disabilities Act, served one term

42. Bill Clinton

Democrat, favored minorities and women, north american free trade agreement (NAFTA), impeached on charged of perjury (2nd pres to be impeached, not removed from office), served 2 terms

43. George W Bush

republican, world trade center attacks (9/11), War in Afghanistan, War in Iraq (capture of Saddam Hussein), served 2 terms

44. Barack H Obama :)

democrat, first african american pres, ended war in iraq, affordable health care act

Zorach vs Clausen (1952)

ruled public schools may excuse students who are absent for religious reasons

Map vs Ohio (1961)

ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the 4th amendment (protects unreasonable searches and seizures) may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts

Gideon vs Wainwright (1961)

ruled that states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants charged w/ a felony

Escobedo vs Illinois (1964)

ruled that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the 6th amendment

Miranda vs Arizona (1966)

ruled that criminal suspects must be informed of their rights to consult w/ an attourny and their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning (right to remain silent) (miranda rights)

Engel vs Vitale (1962)

prohibited state sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of the 1st amendment

School Distict of Abington Township vs Schempp (1963)

held that a Pennsylvania law requiring Bible reading in public schools violated the establishment clause

Baker vs Carr (1962)

ruled that redistricting (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) issues present justifiable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide redistricting cases

Wesberry vs Sanders (1964)

reaffirmed the "one person, one vote" decision of 1962 case Baker vs Carr when redistricting for federal elections

Reynolds vs Sims (1964)

all voting districts must be approximatly equal in population

Heart of Atlanta Motel vs US (1964)

upheld 1964 civil rights act and the use of the commerce clause as the basis for civil rights legislation; public place are in fact prohibited from discrimination against blacks

Tinker vs Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

ruled that wearing black armband to protest vietnam war was pure speech and protected by 1st amendment; students can wear anything so long as it's not disruptive

Swam vs Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1971)

approved the redrawing of district lines as a way of integrating schools

Bakke vs Board of Regents, University of California at Davis (1978)

unconstitutional a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process, but held that affirmative action programs could be constitutional in some circumstances

Reed vs Reed (1971)

ruled gender discrimination violated the equal protection clause of the constitution

Doe vs Bulton (1973)

overturned the abortion law of Georgia

Roe vs Wade (1973)

ruled government lacked power to ban abortions, due to the decision protected by the 14th amendment

Diamond vs Chakrabarty (1980)

ruled genetically modified organisms can be patented

New Jersey vs T.L.O. (1985)

established a reasonable suspicion rule for school searches

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882, law that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States

American Protective Association

1887, organization created by American nativists that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

grandfather clauses

Method of denying African Americans the right to vote by not let anyone vote if their grandfather had not

Plessy v Ferguson

1896, Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana Law requiring the racial segregation of railroad facilities on the grounds that "separate but equal facilities were constitutional under the 14th Amendment"

Henry George

Economic reformer whose book, "Progress and Poverty" (1879), advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a single tax on the value of unused land

Edward Bellamy

Author of "Looking Backward" (1888), a Utopian novel that described the future of the world. According to Bellamy, the world in 2000 would be based on a new social order in which poverty and corrupt policies were unknown and cooperation had replaced competition.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's idea that the people who possess great wealth have an obligation to use their wealth for the public good

Social Gospel

1) Religious doctrine preached by those who believed that Christian churches should directly address economic and social problems. 2) Also a reform movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s in which Protestant clergy brought attention to urban problems and advocated social justice for the poor. Influenced Progressive reforms of the early 1900s.

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who became an educator and founded Tuskegee Institute to provide training in agriculture and crafts for African American students

Atlanta Compromise

1895, Speech made by Booker T. Washington in which he urged African Americans to accept disenfranchisement and segregation for the time being, working for economic advancement instead.

Ida Wells-Barnett

African-American civil right activist who championed anti-lynching legislation

Frederick Taylor

Engineer who created the principles of scientific management to make factory production faster and more efficient

Helen Hunt Jackson

Author of "A Century of Dishonor" (1881), a book that advocated improved treatment of American Indians

Closing of the Frontier

1890, the US Census showed so many pockets of settled area in the US and its territories that a frontier line could no longer be said to exist. the closing of the frontier was one of the reasons that some Americans felt they should expand their culture and norms to other nations.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer who believed a strong navy was necessary for asserting global power and protecting overseas interests. His ideas had an enormous impact on shaping US Military and foreign policy in the 1890s.

Queen Liliuokalani

Last Queen of Hawaii, she surrendered to the "superior force of the United States" in 1893. After she was overthrown as Queen, Hawaii became a US protectorate.

Yellow Journalism

Newspaper practice of sensationalizing the news to sell more papers. Associated with the newspapers of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, newspapers that helped push the United States into war with Spain.

USS Maine

US Navy ship that sank in Havana Harbor in 1898. The American newspapers blamed it on the Spanish, leading to the war with Spain.

Filipino Rebellion

1899-1902, unsuccessful rebellion for the independence of the Philippines from US Control. The rebellion was led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

Insular Cases

1901, The Supreme Court ruled that people in the island territories under US control did not automatically receive the constitutional rights of US citizens.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

1903, treaty with Panama that name Panama a US protectorate and granted US sovereignty over a 10 mile wide Canal Zone.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904, President Theodore Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823. Roosevelt proclaimed the right of the US to be the "policemen" of the western hemisphere. Led to US "gunboat" diplomacy.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of using economic power to promote US interest in Latin America and East Asia.

Pancho Villa's raid

1916, Mexican bandits and revolutionaries led by Pancho Villa raided Columbus, NM, prompting the US government to send troops into Mexico in an attempt to capture Villa. (In 1914, the US had occupied the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months).

Progressive Era

1901-1917, an era of reform in which the US established a system of "regulated capitalism". The Progressive Era began when Theodore Roosevelt became president after the assassination of William McKinley. The era ended after the US entered WW1.

muckrakers

Progressive era journalists who wrote articles exposing corruption in government and industry.

Jacob Riis

muckraker on slum conditions

Ida Tarbell

muckraker on standard oil

Lincoln Steffens

muckraker on city government

Upton Sinclair

muckraker on the meat packing industry

Florence Kelly

social and political reformer who campaigned for the minimum wage, 8-hour work day and children's rights. In 1909, she helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's progressive program to be fair to all interests: business, labor, and consumers.

Northern Securities Company

1904, railroad monopoly dissolved by President Theodore Roosevelt, who used the previously ineffective Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to empower the government to break up monopolies.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906, law that made it illegal to sell impure or improperly labeled food and drugs

Meat Inspection Act

1906, law that required federal inspection of meatpacking

Underwood Tariff

1913, law that substantially reduced tariffs and made up for lost revenue by providing for a graduated income tax.

Federal Reserve Act

1913, law that established a system of 12 federal banks and a Federal Reserve Board that would set interest rates and regulate the money supply

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914, law that made business monopolies illegal. Labor unions and farmers' organizations were exempt from the law.

Federal Trade Commission

1914, commission appointed by the president to investigate illegal business practices

Progressive Amendments

16, 17, 18, 19

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

United States Armed Forces sent to Europe during WW1. Led by General John L. Pershing

Fourteen Points

1918, in a program for maintaining peace after WW1, President Wilson introduced these to Congress. Called for arms reduction, national self-determination and a League of Nations (a world organization that would promote peace and international cooperation).

Treaty of Versailles

1919, treaty signed to end WW1. imposed harsh treatment on Germany, the league of Nations. Rejected by the US Senate.

Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918

Made it illegal to encourage disloyalty to the US or to criticize the government in writing.

Schenck v. United States

1919, Supreme Court Case that declared First Amendment rights could be suspended under the Espionage Act of 1917, as long as there was a "clear and present danger" to the United States.

Palmer Raids

1919-1920, In raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, the US government searched for political radicals and deported foreign born political activists.

Sacco and Vanzetti

1927, Two Italian anarchists convicted in 1921 of a murder and theft in Braintree, Massachusetts. In spite of public protests of their innocence, they were executed in 1927.

National Origins Act

1924, Law establishing quotas based on nationality for immigration to the US. The law limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe, permitting larger numbers from northern and western Europe.

Wright Brothers

1903, inventors who built and flew the first successful airplane.

Model T Ford

1908, a popular and inexpensive automobile sold by Henry Ford from 1908 to 1927. Ford's mass production of it brought dramatic changes it the American culture and economy.

KDKA in Pittsburgh

1920, the worlds first commercial radio station. in November 1920, it broadcasted the returns of the US presidential election, beginning a decade in which radio shows became pervasive in US culture. By 1933, 2/3 American homes had a radio and twice as many as those with telephones.