exam 3 topics i missed + vocab

Depurination

Removal of purine from the deoxyribose

Deamination of cytosine

Removal of an amino group from cytosine, making a uracil

Tautomeric shifts

Bases are in a keto form instead of the enol form

Oxidation

More oxygens on the bases damage DNA structure.

Base modifiers

Use substances like nitrous acid to change identity of the base

Intercalating agents

Interfere with DNA replication, e.g. proflavin

Base analogues

Mutated bases that can be incorporated into DNA strand, e.g. A-T → G-5BU

Northern blotting

Identify specific RNA within mixture with other RNA

Western blotting

Detect a specific protein in mixture of other protein

Vaccine

Biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity

Steps of mRNA vaccine

• mRNA is in a lipid nanoparticle

• Inserted into muscle cell

• mRNA is released into cytosol

• Taken up by Rough ER and into Golgi Apparatus

• Manifest into spire glycoprotein in plasma membrane

Gene addition

Addition of a gene not naturally found in a species

Molecular pharming

Using mammary cells of livestock to get important human hormones and proteins

Totipotent

embryos only, make any cell but placenta

Pluripotent

embryos only, make any cell PLUS placenta

Describe the technique of RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) and explain what type of information it yields (see Figure 23.2)

• RNA seq used to compare transcription of transcriptome

  • More used because its more quantitative

• In use…

  • Have RNAs

  • Break RNAs into fragments and add linkers

  • Synthesize cDNA via reverse transcription PCR

  • Align sequence using technology

  • Use computer to align sequences

Homology

the similarities among species that occur due to having a common ancestor

List the seven observations that suggest a disease is caused (at least in part) by a genetic component. Be able to calculate concordance between twins.

1. When an individual exhibits a disease the disorder is more likely to occur in genetic relatives

2. Identical twins share the disease more likely

3. The disease does not spread

4. Different populations have different frequencies of disease

5. Develop a characteristic age

6. Human disorder resembles a genetic disorder that has a genetic basis in another mammal

7. Correlation is observed between a disease and a mutant human gene or a chromosomal alteration

Locus heterogeneity

Mutation in different genes can cause the same disease or condition

Genome-wide association study

To identify genetic variants that may be associated with a disease or other type of trait

Rb

prevents proliferation of cancer cells

p53

determine if a cell has DNA damage

Genetic drift

genetic variation by chance between generations

Explain the purpose of a genome-wide selection scan (see Table 27.3)

Identify genetic differences between populations of the same or related species found in different natural environments or have different traits

Directional selection

survival of one extreme phenotype

Balancing selection

Favors maintenance of 2 or more alleles

Negative frequency-dependent selection

Rare individuals have higher fitness than more common individuals

Disruptive

Favors survival of 2+ different phenotypes

Stabilizing selection

Favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Assortative mating

Individuals do not mate randomly

Polygenic inheritance

Transmission of traits that are governed by 2 or more genes

Quantitative trait locus (QTL)

The location on a chromosome that harbors one or more genes that affect the outcome of a quantitative trait

Explain how gene number and the environment affect the overlap between genotypes and phenotypes for polygenic traits (see Figure 28.4).

Gene number and environmental affect overlap because is a gene is polymorphic, the varying effects of the environment can change its range of expression, overlapping some phenotypes we’d see in categories

Explain how QTLs are mapped (see Figure 28.5).

• Cross 2 inbred strains

• Heterozygous F1 back breed to p-gen

• Have F2 and see molecular markers

• See region and see if genes make sense

Broad sense heritability

takes into account different types of genetic variation that may affect the phenotype

narrow sense heritability

The heritability of a trait due only to the additive effects of alleles