SSTP: BEHAVIOURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

Counseling

An applied social science that utilizes psychological, human development, and sociological principles to help individuals, groups, and families overcome personal, social, and emotional challenges.

Counseling

It bridges the gap between mental health theory and practical intervention, aiming to improve overall well-being, decision-making, and coping mechanisms.

Psychoanalytic Theory

This theory posits that human behavior is driven by unconscious motives, desires, and childhood experiences.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Techniques include free association and dream analysis to bring unconscious conflicts to the surface.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Counselors using this approach explore defense mechanisms and the dynamics of the id, ego, and superego.

Instincts

Id refers to _.

Reality

Ego refers to _.

Morality

Superego refers to _.

Sigmund Freud

He developed the Psychoanalytic Theory.

Humanistic Theory

This focuses on an individual’s inherent capacity for self-awareness and self-actualization.

Humanistic Theory

It emphasizes the “here and now” rather than the past.

Carl Rogers

He introduced client-centered therapy.

Client-Centered Therapy

Under the humanistic theory, it relies on three core conditions: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.

Client-Centered Therapy

It views the client as the expert of their own life.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Refers to accepting the client without judgment.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

They developed the Humanistic Theory.

Self-Actualization

Refers to reaching one’s full potential.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Focuses on the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Its core idea is that dysfunctional thoughts lead to negative emotions and maladaptive behaviors.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

With the help of this theory, counselors help identify, challenge, and replace irrational beliefs with realistic, constructive thoughts.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

Albert Ellis’ “Rational Emotive Behavior Theory” is a classic example of this framework.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

REBT stands for _ _ _ _.

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

The Cognitive-Behavioral Theory was developed by _ _ and _ _ .

Systems Theory

Instead of viewing a problem as solely “inside” the individual, this theory looks at the individual within their social context—specifically, their family amd community systems.

Systems Theory

It suggests that an individual’s behavior is a reaction to the dynamics of their family unit.

Systems Theory

A direction application of this theory is family therapy, where the “client” is the entire family system rather than just one person.

Family Therapy

The “client” is the entire family system rather than just one person.

Murray Bowen and Salvador Minuchin

They developed the Systems Theory.

Social Work

A professional and applied social science that promotes social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment of people.

Social Work

It systematically integrates sociological, psychological, and political knowledge to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic needs of all people, especially the vulnerable and oppressed.

Person-In-Environment Perspective

Social workers never view a client in isolation.

Person-In-Environment Perspective

Through this, workers analyze how a person interacts with their family, community, and broader societal systems.

Strengths-Based Approach

Instead of focusing solely on deficits, social workers focus on the client’s existing strengths, resources, and resilience to overcome challenges.

Advocacy and Social Justice

Social workers are professionally mandated to advocate for policies that fight discrimination, poverty, and inequality

Ethical Code

Guided by a strict code of ethics that prioritizes client dignity, confidentiality, and self-determination.

Education

Systematic, formal, and informal process of facilitating learning—the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

Education

As an applied social science, it takes psychological and sociological theories and applies them to the classroom and curriculum design.

Intellectual Development

A goal of education to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and cognitive abilities.

Personal and Moral Growth

A goal of education to foster emotional maturity, empathy, and ethical decision-making.

Civic Responsibility

A goal of education to prepare students to be active, informed, and engaged citizens in a democracy.

Vocational/Economics Preparation

A goal of education to equip students with the skills necessary to contribute to the workforce and achieve economic independence.

Cultural Transmission

A goal of education to pass down societal norms, history, and cultural heritage to the next generation.

• Intellectual Development

• Personal and Moral Growth

• Civic Responsibility

• Vocational/Economic Preparation

• Cultural Transmission

Goals of Education

Essentialism

Strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in traditional academic disciplines.

Essentialism

Focuses on teaching the “essentials” of academic knowledge, patriotism, and character development.

Perennialism

Advocates for seeking, teaching, and learning universal truths that span across historical time periods.

Perennialism

Emphasizes classical works of literature, art, and science to help students develop strong thinking and reasoning skills.

Progressivism

Emphasizes experiential learning with a focus on developing the whole child.

Progressivism

Students learn by doing rather than being lectured by teachers.

Progressivism

Student-centered where students work in cooperative groups on project-based, problem-based, and service-learning activities.

Progressivism

Lessons are connected to students’ real lives and interests, helping them think critically and become lifelong learners.

Progressivism

Students have opportunities to follow their interests and share authority in planning and decision-making with teachers.

Social Reconstructionism

Focuses on using education to address social problems and improve society.

Social Reconstructionism

Founded as a response to the atrocities of World War II and the holocaust to assuage human cruelty.

Social Reconstructionism

Students are encouraged to think critically about current issues—fairness, justice, inequality, and global responsibility—and to develop solutions to real-world challenges.

Social Reconstructionism

Teaching and learning are viewed as inherently political acts, and knowledge and language are not seen as neutral or objective.

Existentialism

Centers on individual choice and personal growth.

Existentialism

Puts the individual student in charge of their own learning and helps each learner find their own unique path, beliefs, and purpose.

Existentialism

Learning is often self-directed, and teachers support students in making meaningful decisions about their education.

Existentialism

The focus is on helping students explore who they are, what they believe, and how they want to live their lives.

Behaviorism

Learning is a change in observable behavior shaped by external stimuli—rewards, punishments, and feedback.

Behaviorism

Knowledge is transmitted from outside the learner.

Behaviorism

Teachers use reinforcement and consequences to shape student behavior.

Cognitivism

Learning is an internal mental process involving insight, information processing, memory, and perception.

Cognitivism

The mind is viewed as an information processor.

Cognitivism

Learning happens when students organize, store, and retrieve information effectively.

Constructivism

Learners actively build their own understanding through direct personal experience and interaction with their environment.

Constructivism

Students construct new knowledge based on their prior experiences.

Constructivism

Students are positioned as active learners who construct their own understandings through engagement with others.

Humanism

Learning is a personal act to fulfill one’s potential.

Humanism

Focuses on emotional well-being, personal growth, and the learner’s freedom to choose.

Humanism

Learners act with intentionality and values.

Humanism

Education should address the whole person—intellectual, emotional, and social development.

Communication and Multimedia

An applied social science that studies how people, create, share, and interpret messages through speech, writing, visual media, and digital platforms.

Communication and Multimedia

As a behavioral science, it looks at how people process and respond to information.

Communication and Multimedia

As an applied social science, it uses these insights to improve messaging, media production, advocacy, education, and social change.

Multimedia Platforms

_ _ have redefined how humans connect. They enable virtual communities, facilitate global friendships, and maintain long-distance relationships.

Echo Chambers

Multimedia platforms also shape how we interact—often reducing face-to-face communication and creating “_ _” where people only interact with like-minded individuals.

Multimedia

In the digital age, _ is the primary engine for spreading news, data, and knowledge.

Multimedia

Provides instant access to information, but also presents challenges like the rapid spread of misinformation and disinformation

Multimedia

A primary vehicle for cultural expression, hybridization, and globalization.

Multimedia

Shapes cultural norms—changing how we perceive beauty, success, relationships, and gender roles.

Multimedia

It can either reinforce stereotypes or, conversely, promote diversity and social change through representation.

Criminology

The scientific, interdisciplinary study of crime, criminal behavior, and the societal responses to deviance.

Criminology

As an applied social science, it does not just ask why crime happens; it actively uses that knowledge to design interventions, improve law enforcement, and reform the justice system.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

CPTED stands for _ _ _ _ _.

Criminologists

They develop crime prevention strategies based on environmental design.

Criminologists

They assess and rehabilitate offenders through psychological programs.

Criminologists

The advocate for criminal justice reform and restorative justice.

Criminologists

They analyze crime statistics to allocate resources effectively.

Gender Studies and Development

An interdisciplinary applied social science field that examines how gender identity, roles, and power dynamics are constructed, maintained, and changed within societies.

Gender Studies and Development

It explores the intersections of gender with race, class, sexuality, and age, while focusing on promoting gender equality and sustainable development.

Social Construction of Gender

This theory argues that gender is not biologically “natural” or fixed.

Social Construction of Gender

Set of roles, behaviors, and expectations that society creates, assigns, and reinforces.

Feminist Theory

Analyzes the historical and systemic inequalities between men and women.

Feminist Theory

Examines how laws, institutions, and cultural norms have traditionally marginalized women and seeks to dismantle these power imbalances to achieve political, economic, and social equality.

Intersectionality

A crucial concept that highlights how various forms of discrimination overlap.

Intersectionality

Ensures we do not treat gender inequality as a “one-size-fits-all” issue.

Gender and Development

An approach in development work that recognizes women and marginalized genders are often disproportionately affected by poverty, climate change, and conflict.

Gender and Development

Development programs must intentionally involve and empower women and address gender-based barriers to achieve sustainable progress.