Anatomy and Phys Exam 1

Sensory Reception

________ in epidermis:: tactile discs function as mechanoreceptors and are associated with fine touch and pressure, free nerve endings are associated with pain, itching, and tickling.

Carbohydrates

________:: built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage.

Vitamin D

________ production in epidermis:: cells of the epidermis convert 7- dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol, Eventually this is converted to calcitriol, Calcitriol increases calcium absorption and bone mineralization.

Nervous

________:: glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long- distance communication within the body.

Collagen

________:: abundant, cross- linked fibrils, rope- like, resist tension.

Adipose

________:: matrix crowded by tightly- packed adipocytes, serves to insulate and protect organs, provides energy storage depot located in: around major organs, within subcutaneous layer (under dermis)

Hypodermis

________:: deepest part of the integumentary system, Classified as "subcutaneous "layer, Connects skin to underlying tissue, Serves as energy reserve, Contains larger blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin.

Reticulin

________:: short /thin, mesh- like, provide greater degree of movement than collagen.

Blood

:: Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets within a plasma matrix, transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients and other dissolved molecules throughout the body located in: arteries, veins and capillaries.

Physiology

________:: Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life- sustaining activities.

Connective

:: provides support integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement.

True

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function and the extracellular fluid between the cells

Epithelial

________:: lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)

Bone

:: calcified collagen matrix with embedded osteocytes, high degree of vascularity, calcium storage, attachment for muscles, spongy bone contains marrow, stem cells for blood information located in: skeleton

Malignant melanoma

________:: most dangerous, usually begins from a mole, can metastasize through the lymphatic system.

Lipids

________:: no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell- cell interactions.

Requirements for life

:: Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

elastin

________:: has higher flexibility and stretch, allows for tissue to return to original shape located in: outer ear, epiglottis.

Anatomy

________:: study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Melanocytes

________:: Produce pigments, Protects from harmful UV rays.

Muscle

:: generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

Glial Cells

________:: provide structural support, protection and nourishment for neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Microvilli

________:: Abundant on transport cells Dramatically increase surface area Found in intestinal lining, kidneys.

Fibrocartilage

________:: Firm hyaline matrix, with more organized collagen fibers, resists compressive force located in: components of joints with limited flexibility, menisci, public symphysis.

Homeostatic set points

________:: established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance.

Proteins

________:: built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell.

Nucleic Acids

________:: built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)

Cortex

________:: Cells contain hard keratin, Formed by cells near the edge of the hair matrix.

Holocrine

________:: Product secreted by full cell rupturing.

Merocrine

________:: Product secreted directly through plasma membrane by exocytosis.

Homeostasis

________:: the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body.

Keratinocytes

:: Main cell type of epidermis, Produce keratin intermediate filaments, Provide structure to skin, hair and nails, Water- proofing, dry tissue.

Hyaline

________:: flexible, firm gel secreted by chondroblasts, embedded in lacunae, cushions supports and reinforces other tissues and organs located in: nose, trachea, ribs, ends of long bones, embryonic skeleton.

Neurons

________:: receive sensory information and carry it to the brain, transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs, form synapses with one another.

Histology

________:: the study of tissues.

Apocrine

________:: Product secreted by pinching off membrane, loss of cytoplasm.

Pseudostratified

:: single layer of cells that appears as more due to nuclei placement.

Medulla

________:: Cells contain soft keratin, Formed by cells closest to the hair matrix.

Skin Color

________ and Protection from UV rays in epidermis:: Melanocytes produce melanin from tyrosine in specialized organelles, Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes upon stimulation, Melanosomes in keratinocytes contribute to skin's pigmentation.

Sebaceous glands

________ are exocrine glands that secrete their products by the cell rupturing.

Simple Squamous

________:: single layer of flat, disc- like cells flattened nuclei surface for filtration and diffusion located in: air sacs of lung, glomeruli, blood vessel /capillary lumens, body cavity linings.

Areolar

:: Loosely packed assembly of all fiber types, fibroblasts and immune cells, cushions organs, key immune mediators located in: support under epithelial layers and surrounding organs.

Reticular Layer

________:: densely- packed collagen fibers with some elastic fibers interspersed, toughest layer of skin, thick collagen bundles produce cleavage lines, contains blood vessels, nerves and other accessory structures.

Skeletal System

________:: Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones.

Nervous Tissue

________:: Conduct electrical impulses, transfer process and store information, comprised of neurons and glial cells.

Smooth Muscle

________:: short /tapering cells, no striation, involuntary contraction changes diameter of vessels /chambers (blood vessels, urinary bladder, digestive organs, uterus)

Stratum Basale

________:: Single layer of newly- produced cuboidal cells, contains melanocytes and epidermal ridges.

Function of Integumentary System

________:: Excretes watery perspiration to help regulate body temperature.

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

:: Protection, Structural Support Energy, Storage, Insulation Transporting Substances.

Squamous cell carcinoma

________:: second most common; can metastasize, found in more superficial layers, involves keratinocytes, usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands.

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

Four major classes of biomolecules

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

Proteins

built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell

Lipids

no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell-cell interactions

Carbohydrates

built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage

Nucleic Acids

built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)

Mitochondria example of structure/function

specialized folds of mitochondrial membrane leads to Increase in surface area for proteins that carry out mitochondrial respiration

Requirements for life

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

There are 11 organ systems in the human body

Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, Endocrine System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Male Reproductive System, Female Reproductive System

Integumentary System

Hair, skin, nails; offers protection and covering, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous(pain, pressure etc.)

Skeletal System

Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones

Muscular System

Muscles; allows manipulation of the environment, movement, and facial expression, maintains posture and reduces heat

Nervous System

Brain, nerves, spinal cord; Fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands as needed

Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels; transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc, heart pumps blood

Endocrine System

Glands, pancreas, reproductive organs; secrete hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus; Picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity, lungs, trachea; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2

Digestive System

Oral cavity, stomach, large intestine; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

Urinary System

Kidney, bladder, urethra;eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood

Male Reproductive System

Penis, prostate, testis; Production of offspring,testis produce sperm

Female Reproductive System

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus; Produces offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

All cells comprise at least

plasma membrane, genetic material, and cytosolic fluid

Four major categories of tissue

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous

Connective

provides support/integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement

Muscle

generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

Epithelial

lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)

Nervous

glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long-distance communication within the body

Anatomical position

hands at side, palms forward, feet together

Supine position

face up

Prone position

face down

Anterior (Cranial)

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Medial

closer to the midline that divides the body left and right

Lateral

Further away from the midline that divides the body left and right

Superior

closer to the head

Inferior

toward the feet

Proximal

Closer to the trunk (bigger part of the body)

Distal

Further from the trunk

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Farther from the surface of the body

Transverse Section

divides body into upper and lower sections

Sagittal Section

Divides the body into left and right sections

Coronal Section

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Homeostasis

the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body

Homeostatic set points

established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance

Negative Feedback

The outcome of the feedback loop is a return to the homeostatic set point

Positive Feedback

The physiological response elicited by the stimulus acts to increase the original stimulus

Insulin regulation is an example of

negative feedback

Histology

the study of tissues