Studied by 28 people
Sensory Reception
________ in epidermis:: tactile discs function as mechanoreceptors and are associated with fine touch and pressure, free nerve endings are associated with pain, itching, and tickling.
Carbohydrates
________:: built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage.
Vitamin D
________ production in epidermis:: cells of the epidermis convert 7- dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol, Eventually this is converted to calcitriol, Calcitriol increases calcium absorption and bone mineralization.
Nervous
________:: glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long- distance communication within the body.
Collagen
________:: abundant, cross- linked fibrils, rope- like, resist tension.
Adipose
________:: matrix crowded by tightly- packed adipocytes, serves to insulate and protect organs, provides energy storage depot located in: around major organs, within subcutaneous layer (under dermis)
Hypodermis
________:: deepest part of the integumentary system, Classified as "subcutaneous "layer, Connects skin to underlying tissue, Serves as energy reserve, Contains larger blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin.
Reticulin
________:: short /thin, mesh- like, provide greater degree of movement than collagen.
Blood
:: Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets within a plasma matrix, transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients and other dissolved molecules throughout the body located in: arteries, veins and capillaries.
Physiology
________:: Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life- sustaining activities.
Connective
:: provides support integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement.
True
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function and the extracellular fluid between the cells
Epithelial
________:: lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)
Bone
:: calcified collagen matrix with embedded osteocytes, high degree of vascularity, calcium storage, attachment for muscles, spongy bone contains marrow, stem cells for blood information located in: skeleton
Malignant melanoma
________:: most dangerous, usually begins from a mole, can metastasize through the lymphatic system.
Lipids
________:: no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell- cell interactions.
Requirements for life
:: Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.
elastin
________:: has higher flexibility and stretch, allows for tissue to return to original shape located in: outer ear, epiglottis.
Anatomy
________:: study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Melanocytes
________:: Produce pigments, Protects from harmful UV rays.
Muscle
:: generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)
Glial Cells
________:: provide structural support, protection and nourishment for neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Microvilli
________:: Abundant on transport cells Dramatically increase surface area Found in intestinal lining, kidneys.
Fibrocartilage
________:: Firm hyaline matrix, with more organized collagen fibers, resists compressive force located in: components of joints with limited flexibility, menisci, public symphysis.
Homeostatic set points
________:: established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance.
Proteins
________:: built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell.
Nucleic Acids
________:: built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)
Cortex
________:: Cells contain hard keratin, Formed by cells near the edge of the hair matrix.
Holocrine
________:: Product secreted by full cell rupturing.
Merocrine
________:: Product secreted directly through plasma membrane by exocytosis.
Homeostasis
________:: the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body.
Keratinocytes
:: Main cell type of epidermis, Produce keratin intermediate filaments, Provide structure to skin, hair and nails, Water- proofing, dry tissue.
Hyaline
________:: flexible, firm gel secreted by chondroblasts, embedded in lacunae, cushions supports and reinforces other tissues and organs located in: nose, trachea, ribs, ends of long bones, embryonic skeleton.
Neurons
________:: receive sensory information and carry it to the brain, transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs, form synapses with one another.
Histology
________:: the study of tissues.
Apocrine
________:: Product secreted by pinching off membrane, loss of cytoplasm.
Pseudostratified
:: single layer of cells that appears as more due to nuclei placement.
Medulla
________:: Cells contain soft keratin, Formed by cells closest to the hair matrix.
Skin Color
________ and Protection from UV rays in epidermis:: Melanocytes produce melanin from tyrosine in specialized organelles, Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes upon stimulation, Melanosomes in keratinocytes contribute to skin's pigmentation.
Sebaceous glands
________ are exocrine glands that secrete their products by the cell rupturing.
Simple Squamous
________:: single layer of flat, disc- like cells flattened nuclei surface for filtration and diffusion located in: air sacs of lung, glomeruli, blood vessel /capillary lumens, body cavity linings.
Areolar
:: Loosely packed assembly of all fiber types, fibroblasts and immune cells, cushions organs, key immune mediators located in: support under epithelial layers and surrounding organs.
Reticular Layer
________:: densely- packed collagen fibers with some elastic fibers interspersed, toughest layer of skin, thick collagen bundles produce cleavage lines, contains blood vessels, nerves and other accessory structures.
Skeletal System
________:: Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones.
Nervous Tissue
________:: Conduct electrical impulses, transfer process and store information, comprised of neurons and glial cells.
Smooth Muscle
________:: short /tapering cells, no striation, involuntary contraction changes diameter of vessels /chambers (blood vessels, urinary bladder, digestive organs, uterus)
Stratum Basale
________:: Single layer of newly- produced cuboidal cells, contains melanocytes and epidermal ridges.
Function of Integumentary System
________:: Excretes watery perspiration to help regulate body temperature.
Characteristics of Connective Tissues
:: Protection, Structural Support Energy, Storage, Insulation Transporting Substances.
Squamous cell carcinoma
________:: second most common; can metastasize, found in more superficial layers, involves keratinocytes, usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands.
Anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology
Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
Four major classes of biomolecules
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
Proteins
built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell
Lipids
no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell-cell interactions
Carbohydrates
built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage
Nucleic Acids
built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)
Mitochondria example of structure/function
specialized folds of mitochondrial membrane leads to Increase in surface area for proteins that carry out mitochondrial respiration
Requirements for life
Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth
There are 11 organ systems in the human body
Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, Endocrine System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Male Reproductive System, Female Reproductive System
Integumentary System
Hair, skin, nails; offers protection and covering, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous(pain, pressure etc.)
Skeletal System
Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones
Muscular System
Muscles; allows manipulation of the environment, movement, and facial expression, maintains posture and reduces heat
Nervous System
Brain, nerves, spinal cord; Fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands as needed
Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels; transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc, heart pumps blood
Endocrine System
Glands, pancreas, reproductive organs; secrete hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus; Picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells
Respiratory System
Nasal cavity, lungs, trachea; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
Digestive System
Oral cavity, stomach, large intestine; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Urinary System
Kidney, bladder, urethra;eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood
Male Reproductive System
Penis, prostate, testis; Production of offspring,testis produce sperm
Female Reproductive System
Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus; Produces offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
All cells comprise at least
plasma membrane, genetic material, and cytosolic fluid
Four major categories of tissue
Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous
Connective
provides support/integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement
Muscle
generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)
Epithelial
lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)
Nervous
glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long-distance communication within the body
Anatomical position
hands at side, palms forward, feet together
Supine position
face up
Prone position
face down
Anterior (Cranial)
toward the front of the body
Posterior
toward the back of the body
Medial
closer to the midline that divides the body left and right
Lateral
Further away from the midline that divides the body left and right
Superior
closer to the head
Inferior
toward the feet
Proximal
Closer to the trunk (bigger part of the body)
Distal
Further from the trunk
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the body
Deep
Farther from the surface of the body
Transverse Section
divides body into upper and lower sections
Sagittal Section
Divides the body into left and right sections
Coronal Section
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Homeostasis
the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body
Homeostatic set points
established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance
Negative Feedback
The outcome of the feedback loop is a return to the homeostatic set point
Positive Feedback
The physiological response elicited by the stimulus acts to increase the original stimulus
Insulin regulation is an example of
negative feedback
Histology
the study of tissues
Note 
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