History Final Exam Study Guide

Creole

a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently

Mestizo

a person of mixed European and Native American descent

Cash Crop

a crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use

Peninsulare

a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America

Caudillo

a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite

Monroe Doctrine

Americas were off limits for any colonization efforts and strongly warned against any European intervention

Main Ideas

Identify which event inspired revolutionary leaders in Latin America

the American Revolution

Identify which country against whom Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led South American independence movements

Spain

Identify why the new republican governments in Latin America struggled

they had little to no experience with self rule

Identify how Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires were weakened

Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew their monarchies in Europe

Identify three cash crops grown in Latin America and explain how these affected economic dependence

bananas, sugar, and coffee; depended on foreign countries for manufactured goods

Capital

money available for investment

Entrepreneur

a person who finds business opportunities and new ways to make profits

Cottage Industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

Industrial Capitalism

an economic system based on industrial producing or manufacturing

Socialism

a system in which society owns and controls the means of production

Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain

Britain's rivers were able to provide transportation and power

Explain why coal production expanded greatly during the Industrial Revolution

coal was needed to produce iron and to run steam engines

Explain how the railroads guaranteed the success of the Industrial Revolution

goods could be transported faster from factories to the place they would be sold

Explain how industrialization spread rapidly throughout Europe and the United States

railroads

Identify the social impact of industrialization in Europe

crowded living conditions in the cities and brutal working conditions in factories

Identify the contributions of the following inventors:

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Edmund Cartwright

Water powered Loom

James Watt

Steam Engine

Universal Male Suffrage

the right of all males to vote in elections

Multinational Empire

an empire in which people of many nationalities live

Militarism

the reliance on military strength

Kaiser

German for caesar

Plebiscite

a popular vote

Emancipation

the act of setting free

Abolitionism

a movement to end slavery

Explain why French liberals overthrew the monarchy of Charles X

they wanted to change the government to a constitutional monarchy

Identify the effect of Louis

Philippe giving up his throne - the monarchy of France ended

Explain how revolts in France affected other countries of Europe

France's revolts led other countries to demand change

Identify the results of the revolutionary uprisings throughout Europe in 1848:

France

successful

Hungary

unsuccessful

Italy

unsuccessful

Germany

unsuccessful

Identify the leaders of Italian unification

Cavour and Garibaldi

Explain how Great Britain was able to remain stable

gave the industrial middle class the right to vote

Identify the effect of Louis

Napoleon assuming the title of Emperor - control of the armed forces, police, and civil service rested in the hands of the government

Identify the relationship between Austria and Hungary

monarch

Explain how nationalism influenced events in the United States during the 1800s

Americans were divided over the balance of power between the federal and state governments; southern states and northern states were divided among the issue of slavery

Imperialism

the extensions of a nation's power over other lands

Racism

the belief that race determines a person's traits and capabilities

Protectorate

a political unit that depends on another government for its protection

Indirect Rule

a colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

Direct Rule

colonial government in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country

Annex

to incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

Indigenous

native to a region

Viceroy

a governor who rules as a representative of a monarch

Dollar Diplomacy

diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or effect its purposes in foreign relations by the use of its financial resources

Concessions

a political compromise

Identify the purpose of Western nations establishing new colonies after 1880

raw materials for their industries and markets to sell their products

Explain France's interest in Vietnam

rivalry with Britain

Explain the United States' desire to defeat the Philippine guerrilla forces

to gain connection to the markets of China

Contrast indirect and direct rule

indirect rule resulted in fewer changes to life versus direct rule

Explain why Europeans became interested in Africa

raw materials

Describe the significance of the Berlin Conference

European countries needed to settle land disputes in East Africa

Explain the United States' dollar diplomacy

used it to expand its influence in Latin America

Identify the results of the 1904

1905 war between Russia and Japan - Japan won a convincing victory over Russia, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power

Conscription

military draft

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Propaganda

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Trench Warfare

fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire

War of Attrition

a war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses

Total War

a war that involved the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefield

Planned Economies

an economic system directed by government agencies

Soviet

Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers

War Communism

government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

Armistice

a truce or an agreement to end fighting

Mandate

a territory temporarily governed by another country on behalf of the League of Nations

Reparation

a payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of war

Identify the factors that contributed to the start of World War I

militarism, web of alliances, imperialism, nationalism

Identify the area where competition for land led to conflict

Africa

Identify the immediate cause of World War I

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Explain how industrialization affected the growth of the military in the nations of Europe

it led to production of new, more powerful weapons

Explain why Austria

Hungary was concerned about Serbia's independence - Austria - Hungary was worried about its own Slavic minorities

Identify the conditions and effects of trench warfare

stalemate on the Western Front

Explain no

man's - land - strip of territory that separated the troops from each other along the Western Front

Identify the Allies and Central Powers

Allies: Great Britain, France, United States, Russia; Central Powers: Germany, Austria - Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Explain why both sides wanted more allies

nobody was winning the war at the beginning

Explain how Russia was unprepared for war

no competent military leaders

Explain why Russia fell into a civil war

many people opposed the Bolshevik government

Identify the arguments of Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference

a League of Nations could prevent future wars from occurring

Explain the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was forced to pay reparations and return Alsace and Lorraine back to France

Depression

a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment

Collective Bargaining

the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours

Deficit Spending

when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt

Totalitarian State

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Fascism

a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Nazi

shortened form of the German National Socialist German Workers Party

Concentration Camp

a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions

Aryan

a term used to identify people speaking Indo - European languages

Identify the key issue in enforcing the Treaty of Versailles

payment of reparations

Identify the weaknesses of the League of Nations

the United States did not join the League of Nations and there was no standing army to enforce its decrees