Biology Lecture Notes Review

Practice flashcards covering cell biology, plant/animal tissues, human systems, diseases, and genetics.

Who is identified as the 1st person to discover a cell in 1665?

Robert Hooke (in cork/Dead Cell)

Who discovered the living cell in pond water in 1674 and is referred to as the Father of cytology in the notes?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

Proteins and lipids

State the chemical composition of cell walls in Plants, Bacteria, and Fungi.

Plants: Cellulose; Bacterial: Peptidoglycan; Fungi: Chitin

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell, and how are they divided?

23 pairs in total: 22 pairs are autosomal and 1 pair is the sex pair ($XX$ & $XY$)

What is the energy currency produced by the mitochondria?

$ATP$ (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Which cell organelle is known as the "Suicidal bag of the cell"?

Lysosomes

What are the functions of the Cis and Trans faces of the Golgi bodies?

Cis face is towards the nucleus; Trans face is towards the plasma membrane; they function in storage, modification, and packaging.

Compare the vacuoles in plant cells versus animal cells.

In plants: Large, distinct, and permanent (provide turgidity). In animals: Small and temporary (store glucose, glycogen, and protein).

Name the three types of Plastids found in plant cells.

Chloroplasts (chlorophyll), Chromoplasts (color pigment), and Leucoplasts (starch, oil, and protein granules).

What occurs during the S phase of cell division?

DNA synthesis

Distinguish between Mitosis and Meiosis based on the number of daughter cells and division frequency.

Mitosis: Nucleus divides once, producing 2 diploid daughter cells; Meiosis: Nucleus divides twice, producing 4 haploid daughter cells.

Match the Meristematic tissue type to its function: Apical, Intercalary, and Lateral.

Apical: Increases length of root & stem; Intercalary: Increases length of leaves & internodes; Lateral: Increases girth of root or stem.

What is the function of Chlorenchyma?

It contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis.

How do Xylem and Phloem differ in conduction direction?

Xylem has one-way conduction (water & minerals); Phloem has two-way conduction (food).

Define the four types of Epithelial tissue.

Squamous (thin, flat), Cuboidal (cube-like), Columnar (pillar-like), and Ciliated (hair-like projections).

What is the physical difference between Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscles?

Skeletal: Unbranched, multinucleated, striations; Smooth: Unbranched, uninucleated, non-striations; Cardiac: Branched, uninucleated, striations.

What is the difference between Tendons and Ligaments?

Tendons connect muscles to bones; Ligaments connect bones to bones.

Provide the lifespan and scientific name for Red Blood Cells (RBCs).

Lifespan: 120 days; known as erythrocytes.

Identify the locomotion appendages for Paramecium, Euglena, and Amoeba.

Paramecium: Cilia; Euglena: Flagellum; Amoeba: Pseudopod.

What is a Lichen?

A symbiotic relationship between Blue green algae and fungi.

Why are Bryophyta called the "Amphibians of Plant Kingdom"?

They are autotrophic, non-motile, and found in damp and moist areas with root-like structures called Rhizoids.

Compare Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Gymnosperms: Bear naked seeds, perennials; Angiosperms: Flowering plants, bear covered seeds, ovaries modify into fruit.

Which phylum is the largest in the animal kingdom, and what are its key features?

Arthropoda; features include jointed legs, segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen), open circulatory system, and chitin exoskeleton.

Contrast the heart chambers in Pisces, Amphibians/Reptiles, and Aves/Mammals.

Pisces: 2 chambers; Amphibians/Reptiles: 3 chambers (except Crocodiles: 4); Aves/Mammals: 4 chambers.

Which part of the Hind Brain controls posture and balance?

Cerebellum

What acts as the "Master Gland," and what hormone does it secrete?

Pituitary gland; secretes Growth Hormone (Somatotropin).

What is the stimulus for Phototropism, Hydrotropism, and Chemotropism?

Phototropism: Light; Hydrotropism: Water; Chemotropism: Chemical stimuli.

Define Binary Fission and provide an example organism.

Asexual reproduction where one cell divides into two offspring; examples: Amoeba, Bacteria, Paramecium.

Name the male and female parts of a flower.

Male: Stamen (Filament & Anther); Female: Pistil (Stigma, Style, & Ovary).

What enzyme does the Saliva Gland release to break down carbohydrates?

Salivary Amylase

What role does Bile juice play in digestion?

It creates a basic/alkaline medium and breaks large fat globules into smaller ones (emulsification).

Provide the percentages for exhaled air: Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide.

Nitrogen: $78\%$, Oxygen: $16\%$, Carbon Dioxide: $4.4\%$

Compare Arteries and Veins, including their exceptions.

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood (Exception: Pulmonary artery); Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood (Exception: Pulmonary vein).

What are the universal donor and universal acceptor blood groups?

Universal donor: $O(-ve)$; Universal acceptor: $AB(+ve)$.

What chemical compound makes up kidney stones?

Calcium oxalate

What is the specific pH and main yellow pigment of urine?

pH: $4.5-5$; contains Urobilin/Urochrome.

What virus causes AIDS, and what test is used for detection?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus); detected via ELISA Test.

Who discovered Penicillin, and who discovered the Smallpox vaccine?

Penicillin: Alexander Fleming; Smallpox vaccine creator not listed, but note states Smallpox was eradicated in 1979.

Which bacteria cause Tuberculosis (TB) and Leprosy?

TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Leprosy: Mycobacterium leprae.

What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis?

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

List the fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins $A, D, E, K$

What are the deficiency diseases for Vitamin A, B1, and C?

Vitamin A: Night Blindness / Xerophthalmia; Vitamin B1: Beri-beri; Vitamin C: Scurvy / Bleeding Gum.

What is the dental formula for an adult and a child?

Adult: $2123 / 2123$; Child: $2102 / 2102$

Define Homologous and Analogous organs.

Homologous: Similar appearance, different function (e.g., Human hand, Bird hand); Analogous: Different appearance, similar function (e.g., Butterfly wing, Bat wing).