Phylogenetic Trees

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15 Terms

1
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what is phylogeny

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species usually organized into a phylogenetic tree

2
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<p>Phylogenetic trees and cladograms arrange organisms based on common and ____ _____</p>

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms arrange organisms based on common and ____ _____

ancestry, shared characteristics

<p>ancestry, shared characteristics</p>
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what are cladograms

hypothetical picture of the actual evolutionary history of the organisms

  • a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

<p>hypothetical picture of the actual evolutionary history of the organisms</p><ul><li><p>a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships</p></li></ul><p></p>
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what are phylogenetic trees

more realistic representation of the evolutionary history of the organisms

<p>more realistic representation of the evolutionary history of the organisms</p>
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how can you distinguish the difference b/w phylogenetic tree and cladogram

difference seen in length of branching (related to time) and/or distance between taxon

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parts of a phylogenetic tree

start of tree = root

node = common ancestors

taxon = “group” or name of species

two or more taxon = clade

basal taxon or outgroup = most related to the ancestral common ancestor or least related to the other taxon

<p>start of tree = root</p><p>node = common ancestors</p><p>taxon = “group” or name of species</p><p>two or more taxon = clade</p><p>basal taxon or outgroup = most related to the ancestral common ancestor or least related to the other taxon</p>
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extinct vs extant

time

  • left to right

    • left (past)

    • right (present)

  • bottom to top

    • bottom (past)

    • top (present)

  • phylogenetic trees vs cladograms

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taxon

<p></p>
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what is a monophyletic taxon

one common ancestor and ALL of its descendants

<p>one common ancestor and ALL of its descendants</p>
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what is a polyphyletic taxon

group of organisms that LACK a common ancestor

<p>group of organisms that LACK a common ancestor</p>
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what is a paraphyletic taxon

one common ancestor and SOME of its descendants

<p>one common ancestor and SOME of its descendants</p>
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common ancestry

<p></p>
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what is a clade (vocab. term)

a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

  • share similar characteristics

<p>a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor</p><ul><li><p>share similar characteristics</p></li></ul><p></p>
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how to create a cladogram

create a table to compare derived characteristics

  • 1 or + indicates possesses characteristic

  • 0 or - indicates does not possess characteristic

based on similarities and differences arrange your organisms

15
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what is a dichotomous key

  • a tool used to determine the identity of organisms

  • dichotomous - divided into two parts

<ul><li><p>a tool used to determine the identity of organisms</p></li><li><p>dichotomous - divided into two parts</p></li></ul><p></p>