Lecture Notes Review: Kingdoms, Empires, and Medieval Europe

Flashcards covering key concepts from lecture notes on the kingdom of Ghana, trans-Saharan trade, the Byzantine Empire, and medieval English history including the Magna Carta, the Hundred Years' War, and the Black Death.

How did historians learn about the kingdom of Ghana?

From writings of Arab scholars

How did early travelers describe Ghana?

As a land of gold

How did Ghana raise money to pay government officials?

By taxing goods

How did the king of Ghana conduct imperial business and address the people
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In a grand daily court

Based on Ghana
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Nephew

Which phrase best describes Ghana
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Regular career army plus trained reserves

Which factor contributed most to Ghana
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Central location

What caused the trans-Saharan trade to increase after about 300 C.E.?

The introduction of camels

What are the desert survival traits of camels?

Ability to hold large amounts of water, double rows of eyelashes, and hairy ear openings

How did the spread of Islam in the 600s contribute to the growth of trade?

Muslims became merchants in West African towns

Why do historians not know the location of the gold mines of Wangara?

The miners kept the site a secret

People who lived in the southern forests had to trade to get which essential product?

Salt

Which term best describes the role of Ghana in the trans-Saharan trade?

Middleman

Why were caravans very important to the people of Taghaza?

Without caravans, the people would die for lack of food

Which factor caused the resources of Ghana to decline?

Iron furnaces for which people cut trees for fuel

To which group did Kumbi fall in 1240?

Mande people of Mali

What about its geography made Kumbi a good location for trade?

Kumbi was an optimal location for trade because it sat directly on trade routes, making it a perfect meeting point for traders from both northern and southern regions.

At the beginning of a journey south, what did traders load goods onto to cross the Sahara Desert?

Donkeys

Why were camels used north of Kumbi, and porters south of Kumbi, rather than donkeys, to carry goods?

Camels were used north of Kumbi because they were well suited for crossing the desert, while south of Kumbi, the land was a lush forest, and goods were carried by porters who could navigate narrow paths.

How was the rule of the Roman Empire divided until the fall of Rome?

Between two emperors

Which factor gave Constantinople the biggest advantage for trade?

Good location

What does Hippo mean?

Horse

Which events took place in the Hippodrome?

Chariot races

Which sentence best describes the lives of the jobless in Constantinople?

They worked in exchange for bread from the emperor

Who were the Blues and the Greens?

Fans of opposing teams

Which event led Justinian I to start a major public works program?

Violent riots destroyed the city

What do parts of North Africa, Italy, and southeastern Spain have in common during Justinian I's reign?

Justinian I won them back for the empire

What was Justinian
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A church

What was Justinian
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An organized set of laws

In the Middle Ages, what is one way in which the Divine Liturgy was different from the Roman Catholic mass?

It could be in the local language

What was the power structure of the Byzantine Empire in religious matters?

The emperor had power over the patriarch

For what is the Eastern Orthodox missionary Saint Cyril remembered?

Creating the Cyrillic alphabet

Why did Emperor Leo III establish a policy of iconoclasm?

He thought people were worshipping pictures instead of God

Why were the Byzantines angry when the pope crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman emperor?

They felt that their empress should rule the remains of the Roman Empire

What resulted in 1054, after the pope and patriarch excommunicated members of each other
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The Orthodox and Catholic churches completely split

Who was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

The Pope

Who was Emperor Justinian I
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Theodora

What is the image of Christ known as on page 103?

The Pantocrator

What type of building is the Hagia Sophia?

A large Cathedral

The Theotokos was an icon of whom?

Mary

Which Emperor banned the use of religious images in churches and homes?

Leo III

When Pope Leo III chose Charlemagne of the Franks as the Holy Roman Emperor, whom did he bypass and why?

Empress Irene, because he viewed her as not being able to defend the Church in the west

Why was Thomas Becket killed?

He sided with the Church against the king

Which of these was a reform made by King Henry II of England?

Trials were held before a royal judge

What was the purpose of Magna Carta?

To protect the rights of nobles

What does Habeas corpus mean?

People cannot be held indefinitely in jail unless a court consents

What action by an English king gave ordinary people a voice in government?

Calling the Model Parliament

How did political changes in England weaken feudalism?

Nobles lost power to the king or common people

How did the bubonic plague spread?

Through trading with Asia

How did the plague make life harder for Jews in Europe?

They were often blamed for the disease

Which date goes with an event on the timeline that took place in France related to Joan of Arc?

1429

What is one reason why the battle in 1429 had a different outcome from the battle in 1364?

Joan of Arc led the French

How did the plague increase the power of the common people?

It created a shortage of workers

What technological advantage helped the English win many early battles of the Hundred Years
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The longbow

Which development in the Hundred Years
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Stronger national identity

How did the Hundred Years
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Hiring soldiers made monarchs less dependent on vassals

According to Magna Carta, by what means could someone be tried for a crime?

By the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land

The idea of trial by jury is suggested in Magna Carta in which phrase?

"…by the lawful judgment of his peers"

Summarize the meaning of part 40 of Magna Carta.

Everyone is subject to the law equally and justice is not something that can be bought or delayed.