AP Euro: Chapter 20- Napoleon Bonaparte

The chief danger to the Directory comes from where?

Royalist hope to restore the bourbon monarchy by legal means. Many of the emigres returned to France who drew support of a restoration from devout Catholics and citizens disgusted by the excess of the revolution. monarchy seem to promise stability.

Goals of the Directory?

To preserve the republic and prevent a peaceful restoration of bourbon monarchy.

Purpose of the Directory’s coup d’etat following the elections of 1797

they wanted to preserve the government made in the wake of the Thermidorian reaction by putting their supporters in government seats rather than their oppositions who actually won.

Napoleon Bonaparte: Where was he born? His attitude toward the Directory, initially? Major military failure in 1799? Once in power, Napoleon’s style of rule? Napoleon’s actions toward his opposition- what tactics did he use?

Napoleon was born in 1769 to a poor family of lesser nobles in Ajaccio Corsica. He favored the revolution and was a fiery jacobin. He supported the directory, and in 1797 saved them from the royalist uprising. In 1799 Russian and Austrian army defeated the French and Italy and Switzerland and the British drove back Napoleon at Egypt. Napoleon restore peace in foreign affairs in at home. However, he was ruthless in suppressing opposition. He supported merit over birth, and liked people to be extremely loyal to him. He used surprise attacks on the battlefield and introduced an unprecedented art of war at home. He invented opportunities to destroy his enemies and effectively stamped out rebellion. He used brute force take what he wanted under the guise of peace.

“Confidence from below, power from above:” whose ideas and meaning?

The author of the pamphlet, what is the third estate? Abbe Sieyes, who wanted an executive body independent of the whims of electoral politics, and a government based on that principal.

The many facets of the Constitution of Year VIII?

Abbe Sieyes, one of the directors proposed a new constitution. Napoleon joined Sieyes and left his troops in 1799 in Egypt. Napoleon ensured the success of the coup d’etat. The proposed constitution split the power among three consuls, but Bonaparte quickly threw Sieyes aside and issued the constitution of year 8. Behind a screen of checks and balances that appealed to republic theory, a universal male suffrage that suggested democratic principles, it established the rule of one man.

Who crowned Napoleon?

A plebiscite ratified him as emperor. Napoleon invited the Pope to Notre Dame to take part in the coronation, but Napoleon and the Pope agreed he should crown himself. He did not want anyone to think he relied on the Church or the Pope. He was independent of the authority.

The victory of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar resulted in what?

British defeated the combined Spanish in French troops and although he died in the battle of the British lost no ships. It crushed french hope of invading britain and guaranteed British control of the seas for the rest of the war.

Some facets of the Napoleonic Code? Did it fulfill the ideals of the Enlightenment or liberal nationalism?

Safeguarded all forms of property and tried to secure French society against internal challenges. Privileges based on birth status remained abolished and workers organizations were forbidden and women had far less rights. Liberal: equality before the law, religious freedom, secular state, abolition of serfdom, property protection, freedom to choose profession. Conservative: wives inferior to husbands (Rousseau spheres) denying equal rights to workers. It stopped short of full equality desired by liberal nationalists.

Available French soldiers on hand?

He was able to conscript an unprecedented amount of soldiers by instilling loyalty to him, a love for France and motivation to be promoted based on merit.

What were the general strategies of Napoleon?

He was fast, and used the element of surprise to attack . He boosted his troops morale and lowered the enemies. He would go for the wings first and then the main. He liked “rapid and audacious” attacks and being on the offensive. He would divide and conquer and arrive at the battle feild early to get the lay of the land. He and his troops would live off the land instead of hauling supply carts, which made them faster and able to move quicker.

The situation of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806?

he organized the confederation of the Rhine, which included most of the western German princes. Their withdrawal from the holy Roman empire, caused Francis the second to dissolve it, and call himself the emperor of Austria.

What were the general goals of the Prussian social reform of Von Stein and Von Hardenberg?

After prussia was humiliated at Jena, they knew that they needed to reform, even if reformation ideas were feared and hated by the Junker nobility and the emperor. They did not intend to reduce the autocratic power of the monarchs or Junkers, but wanted to battle French power. Serfdom was abolished, military reforms to increase supply of soldiers and quality of them. They aimed at accepting ideas of the French revolution without accepting the idea of revolution itself. They enabled prussia to regain it’s power.

What was Napoleon’s “Continental System?” How did the British survive it?

Since he could not defeat the British navy, he continued economic warfare brought on by the Berlin decrees. he cut off British trade with the European continent. Britain survived with their control of seas and growing markets in North and South America and the Mediterranean. It hurt the European continent, and increased smuggling- the reason why he invaded Spain in his peninsular campaign.

Treaty of Tilsit (1807)

With Tsar alexander i of Russia confirmed French gains. It reduced the size of prussia by ½, and prussia openly and russia secretly became allies.

Why did the Spanish rebel against Napoleon in 1808?

A revolt in Madrid was used as pretext to dispose of spanish bourbons and place Napoleon’s brother Jospeh on the throne. Attacks on the privileges of the church led to increased public outrage. Peasants rose up in a general rebellion and Napoleon was unable to defend himself against Guerrilla fighters.

Why did Napoleon marry the Austrian Archduchess, Marie Louise?

Josephine was 46 and had bore him no children, and he wanted a male successor. his ego and new title of master of europe made him want to marry into royal blood. Marie Louise bore him a male heir.

Napoleon and his Russian campaign: How did the Russians repel Napoleon? What happened to Napoleon after the Russian defeat?

They let the Grand armee tire themselves out while the russians ran away, leading them farther and father into enemy territory. They were bombarded by the bad weather and the scorcher policy- that whenever they left a village, they would set the village on fire so Napoleon would get no spoils. They even lit moscow on fire. Napoleon lost ½ million men in the battle of the nations in Leipzig, and after he abdicated the throne on April 6, 1814. he renounced his heir’s claim to the throne and was then exiled to an island in northern italy called Elba.

What led to reforms in Prussia during the Age of Napoleon?

The defeat at Jena, and Although frederick william 3 and Junker nobility feared reforms, they came about because the defeat made clear the necessity of new departures for the prussian state.

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