Unit 5.3: The Industrial Revolutions

Flashcards about the Industrial Revolution

What were the major economic changes during the First Industrial Revolution?

Shift from the putting-out system to the factory system, shift from hand to machine production, and replacement of wood/animal power with water/steam power.

Between what years did the First Industrial Revolution take place?

1750 and 1850

What geographical areas experienced industrialization during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Beyond western Europe and the United States to Russia, Japan, and in a limited way to Egypt and India.

What environmental factors enabled the rise of industrialization?

Political control of iron and coal deposits, increased agricultural productivity, and access to fast-flowing rivers.

What were the environmental consequences of the industrial revolutions?

Destruction of ecosystems through deforestation and strip-mining, uncontrolled pollution, and gradual warming of the global climate.

What was the Fossil Fuels Revolution?

Humans shifted away from burning wood to burning coal to generate heat.

What is the factory system?

Workers provided specialized labor through working machines in manufacturing centers called factories (or mills) in exchange for wages

What financial advances enhanced the ability of humans to do business?

Expanded stock markets and limited-liability corporations.

How did railroads impact the interior of continents?

Railroads connected the interior of continents to the coastline and enhanced the movement of people.

What were the consequences of steamships?

Steamships provided faster transit over water, lowering the cost of international exchange facilitating mass immigration.

What was the impact of the telegraph?

Enabled the sending of messages long distance instantaneously, enhancing both public and private communications.

What new technologies enhanced productivity during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Bessemer Process for making steel, electricity, internal combustion engine, chemical synthetic dyes, and use of petroleum (oil).

How did Japan respond to the West?

Meiji Restoration modernizing the Japanese military, installing a western-style constitution, and industrializing the country.

What actions were taken by the Egyptian government to create a domestic cotton textile industry?

Egyptian government used laws traditionally designed to provide forced labor for agriculture to instead staff the new factories.

What caused India to lose its competitive advantage over the West in textile manufacturing?

Political weakness from the breakup of the Mughal Empire combined with the technological advances of the first industrial revolution.

What economic practices prevented Ottoman merchants from competing equally with Europeans?

Capitulations exempting EUROPEAN traders from duties and legal barriers.

What was the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

British established HSBC, which fostered and supported the opium trade between India and China, to the benefit of British investors

What economic theory was upseated during the first industrial revolution?

Mercantilism, which stated that gold and silver were the basis of wealth—was unseated by a new theory, capitalism, which stated that the basis of wealth was in capital

What is laissez-faire capitalism?

The idea that governments should be “hands-off” on the economy, closely associated with the concept of free markets.

What were the solutions to the problems of industrial capitalism?

Labor unions, legislation by the state, and replacing capitalism altogether with socialism/communism.

Name some problems that the rapidly growing cities endured.

(1) pollution; (2) widespread poverty; (3) increased crime; (4) public health crises; (5) inadequate housing; and (6) insufficient infrastructure, like roads and public transportation, to facilitate safe urban growth.

Define classical conservatism.

Emphasizing the need to protect traditional social structures and traditions (particularly organized religion) and favoring the interests of rural,agrarian society over those of urban businessmen.

Define classical liberalism.

Emphasizing the importance of maintaining a free market according to the principles of capitalism while also protecting civil liberties using the law.