Organic synthesis map

0.0(0)

Studied by 0 people

Call Kai

Learn

Practice Test

Spaced Repetition

Match

Flashcards

Knowt Play

Card Sorting

1/35

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Last updated 4:27 PM on 8/24/26

Name	Mastery	Learn	Test	Matching	Spaced	Call with Kai	Chat

No analytics yet

Send a link to your students to track their progress

36 Terms

New cards

Alkane to alkene

Cracking

Conditions:
- thermal (very high temperature & pressure)
- catalytic (zeolite catalyst, moderate temperature & pressure)

<ul><li><p><strong>Cracking</strong></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong></p><ul><li><p>thermal (very high temperature & pressure)</p></li><li><p>catalytic (zeolite catalyst, moderate temperature & pressure)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alkene to alkane

Electrophilic addition (hydrogenation)
Reagent: H₂
Conditions: nickel catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Electrophilic addition (hydrogenation)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> H<sub>2</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>nickel catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alkane to halogenoalkane

Free radical substitution
Reagent: X₂(g)
Conditions: UV light

<ul><li><p><strong>Free radical substitution</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> X<sub>2</sub>(g)</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>UV light</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Halogenoalkane to alkene

Elimination
Reagent: NaOH or KOH
Conditions: high temperature, ethanol solvent, no H₂O present

<ul><li><p><strong>Elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> NaOH or KOH</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>high temperature, ethanol solvent, no H<sub>2</sub>O present</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alkene to halogenoalkane

Electrophilic addition
Reagent: HX or X₂(dihalogenoalkane)

<ul><li><p><strong>Electrophilic addition</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> HX or X<sub>2 </sub>(dihalogenoalkane)</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alkene to alcohol

Electrophilic addition (hydration)
Reagent: H₂O
Conditions: concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst & room temperature

<ul><li><p><strong>Electrophilic addition (hydration)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O </p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> concentrated H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> catalyst & room temperature</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alcohol to alkene

Elimination
Conditions: hot, concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>hot, concentrated H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alkene to poly(alkene)

Addition polymerisation

New cards

Halogenoalkane to alcohol

Nucleophilic substitution
Reagent: NaOH or KOH
Conditions: heat under reflux, mixture of water & ethanol solvent

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic substitution</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>NaOH or KOH</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>heat under reflux, mixture of water & ethanol solvent</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Halogenoalkane to nitrile

Nucleophilic substitution
Reagent: KCN
Conditions: warmed, ethanol solvent

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic substitution</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> KCN</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>warmed, ethanol solvent</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Halogenoalkane to amine

Nucleophilic substitution
Reagent: concentrated NH₃
Conditions: excess NH₃, high pressure, warmed, ethanol solvent

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic substitution</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>concentrated NH<sub>3</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> excess NH<sub>3</sub>, high pressure, warmed, ethanol solvent </p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Nitrile to amine

Reduction

Reagent: H₂
Conditions: nickel catalyst at high temperature & pressure → (via hydrogenation)

Reagent: LiAlH₄
Conditions: dry ether, followed by dilute acid → (via nucleophilic addition)

<p><strong>Reduction</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>H<sub>2</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> nickel catalyst at high temperature & pressure → (via hydrogenation)</p></li></ul><p>OR</p><ul><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> LiAlH<sub>4</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>dry ether, followed by dilute acid → (via nucleophilic addition)</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

Oxidation
Reagent: acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)
Conditions: heat & distil off product immediately

<ul><li><p><strong>Oxidation</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>acidified potassium dichromate (K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>heat & distil off product immediately</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

Reduction
Reagent: NaBH₄
Conditions: aqueous

<ul><li><p><strong>Reduction</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>NaBH<sub>4</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> aqueous </p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Secondary alcohol to ketone

Oxidation
Reagent: acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)
Conditions: heat

New cards

Ketone to secondary alcohol

Reduction
Reagent: NaBH₄
Conditions: aqueous

New cards

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Oxidation
Reagent: acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)
Conditions: heat under reflux

New cards

Aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile

Nucleophilic addition
Reagent: KCN
Conditions: HCl catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic addition</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> KCN</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>HCl catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Alcohol to poly(ester)

Condensation
Reagents: diol & dicarboxylic acid

<ul><li><p><strong>Condensation</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagents: </strong>diol & dicarboxylic acid</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Carboxylic acid to poly(ester)

Condensation
Reagents: diol & dicarboxylic acid

New cards

Alcohol to ester

Esterification
Reagent: carboxylic acid
Conditions: heat under reflux with strong acid catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Esterification</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>carboxylic acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>heat under reflux with strong acid catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Ester to alcohol

Hydrolysis
Reagent: H₂O
Conditions: acidic or alkaline

<ul><li><p><strong>Hydrolysis</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>H<sub>2</sub>O</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>acidic or alkaline</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Carboxylic acid to ester

Esterification
Reagent: alcohol
Conditions: heat under reflux with strong acid catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Esterification</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>alcohol</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>heat under reflux with strong acid catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Ester to carboxylic acid

Acid hydrolysis
Reagent: H₂O
Conditions: acid catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Acid hydrolysis</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>acid catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Ester to carboxylic salt

Base hydrolysis
Reagent: NaOH
Conditions: aqueous & warm

<ul><li><p><strong>Base hydrolysis</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>NaOH</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> aqueous & warm</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Carboxylic acid to poly(amide)

Condensation polymerisation
Reagents: diamine & dicarboxylic acid

<ul><li><p><strong>Condensation polymerisation</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagents:</strong> diamine & dicarboxylic acid</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Amine to poly(amide)

Condensation polymerisation
Reagents: diamine & dicarboxylic acid

New cards

Acid anhydride/acyl chloride to ester

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Reagent: alcohol
Conditions: reflux & anhydrous

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic addition-elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> alcohol</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>reflux & anhydrous </p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride to carboxylic acid

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Reagent: H₂O
Conditions: room temperature

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic addition-elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>H<sub>2</sub>O</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>room temperature</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Amine to N-substituted amide

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Reagent: acid anhydride/acyl chloride
Conditions: anhydrous

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic addition-elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>acid anhydride/acyl chloride</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>anhydrous </p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amide

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Reagent: amine
Conditions: anhydrous

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic addition-elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>amine</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>anhydrous </p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Acid anhydride/acyl chloride to primary amide

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Reagent: NH₃
Conditions: low temperature & excess NH₃

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleophilic addition-elimination</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>NH<sub>3</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>low temperature & excess NH<sub>3</sub></p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Acyl chloride to phenylketone

Electrophilic substitution (Friedel-Crafts acylation)
Reagent: benzene
Conditions: AlCl₃ catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Electrophilic substitution (Friedel-Crafts acylation)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>benzene</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> AlCl<sub>3</sub> catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Benzene to phenylketone

Electrophilic substitution (Friedel-Crafts acylation)
Reagent: acyl chloride
Conditions: AlCl₃ catalyst

<ul><li><p><strong>Electrophilic substitution (Friedel-Crafts acylation)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>acyl chloride</p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions:</strong> AlCl<sub>3</sub> catalyst</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Benzene to nitrobenzene

Electrophilic substitution (nitration)
Reagent: concentrated HNO₃
Conditions: concentrated H₂SO₄catalyst & 55°C

<ul><li><p><strong>Electrophilic substitution (nitration)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent:</strong> concentrated HNO<sub>3</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Conditions: </strong>concentrated H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>catalyst & 55°C</p></li></ul><p></p>

New cards

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Reduction
Reagent: concentrated HCl & tin

<ul><li><p><strong>Reduction</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Reagent: </strong>concentrated HCl & tin</p></li></ul><p></p>