Civil Rights fab 5 (FP1, 2, some of 4) SO NEED TO ADD 3,5, geog

13th Amendment ratified _____

______ new freedmen

1865

4m

Creation of Freedman’s Bureau _____

______ spent in 5 years on education

1865

$6m

riots following 13th Amendment in _____ TN and _______ LA in ______

Memphis, New Orleans, 1866

Black Codes

1865-66

Lincoln Assassinated - Johnson president

1865

Johnson Reconstruction proclamations - LENIENT on Southern states

May 1865

Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill (but later overridden by Congress)

1866

Failure of land redistribution:

Sherman’s “Special Field Order no. 15” in ______

_____ acres in ___ acre sections

basis for slogan “__________”

Later overridden by Johnson

1865

400,000, 40

40 acres and a mule

14th Amendment ratified ________

only after Military Reconstruction Act in ______ which imposed reconstruction on southern states

1868

1867

15th Amendment ratified

1870

2 black senators during reconstruction

Hiram Revels

Blanche K Bruce

Freedman’s Bureau closes

1872

2 examples of white violent organizations in the South (Not the KKK)

Knights of the White Camelia

The White League

KKK lynched ____ between 1868 and 1871

400

political violence:

black Mississippi state senator ______ murdered in _____

Charles Caldwell, 1875

Federal response to violence:

President Grant’s enforcement acts in ______ and ______

KKK act in _______

1870 and 1871

1871

Colfax massacre, (state) _______ in _________

______ black Americans killed, half in cold blood after surrender

Louisiana, 1873

280

______ Plan, _____

white supremacists “redeem” state gov

Mississippi, 1875

supreme court cases important in ending reconstruction:

Slaughterhouse ruling _____ - did what?

US vs Reese ______ - ?

US vs Cruikshank _______ - ?

1873, narrow interpretation of 14th

1876, 15th alone does not guarantee voting rights

1876, fed gov not to try perpetrators of racial crimes

Civil rights act passed _____

but had little impact because severely weakened to get through

1875

Hayes compromise _____

what does it do?

1876

Hayes to withdraw northern troops from south

Civil Rights Cases _____

what did they declare unconstitutional?

1883

1875 Civil Rights Act

name 2 of the Civil Rights Cases which were from outside the South and where (shows widespread impact)

US vs Ryan - San Francisco

US vs Singleton - New York

Which state first introduced segregation on railway carriages and when?

was a revival of a black codes policy from 1865

Florida, 1887

education disparity:

in 1910, South Carolina spent average of ___ per white pupil

____ per black pupil

$40.68

$5.95

_____ first state to alter constitution to entrench disenfranchisement (poll tax, literacy tests) in ____ (Article 12 of new constitution)

nicknamed the “Mississippi plan” - voter numbers of blacks drop from ___% to ___% overnight

Mississippi, 1890

67% to 5.7%

impact of disenfranchisement:

by 1900, only ____ of black males could vote in south

no southern black congressmen between ___ and ____

3%

1901 and 1972

Louisiana modifies constitution adding a ‘grandfather clause’ in _____, re-enfranchising many poor and illiterate whites

BUT short lived and overturned by US vs Guinn in _____

1898

1915

Plessy vs Ferguson _____

established doctrine of “__________”

1896

“separate but equal”

Williams vs Mississippi _____

what was not against 15th?

1898

literacy tests, poll tax

Cumming vs Richmond County Board of Education _____

sanctioned de jure segregation of _____

1899

schools

estimated ______ lynching victims 1880-1930

3,220

public lynchings common e.g. _________ in Texas in _______

Henry Smith, 1893

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) created _____

led to ______ black sharecroppers being evicted 1933-40

1933

200,000

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) created _____

does employ around ______ young black Americans

1933

200,000

segregation introduced into CCC in _____ by director ________

blacks just ___% of those employed in CCC in 1933

led to strikes and protests e.g. in ________

1935, Robert Fechner

5%

Fort Dix New Jersey

National Recovery Administration (NRA) created _____

BUT ____ out of _____ blacks in the south’s cotton mills had jobs reclassified to avoid benefits

1933

11,000 out of 13,000

Public Works Administration (PWA) created _____

blacks given equal pay under supervision of _____

1933

Harold Ickes

Works Progress Administration (WPA) created ____

run by ________ who established policies banning discrimination

average of _____ black Americans employed annually

1935

Harry Hopkins

350,000

(as part of WPA so created 1935) National Youth Administration (NYA) provided teaching and skills courses for ______ young black Americans

black American youth unemployment rate was ___% so this was very impactful!!

who was influential in securing equal provision for black youth? (role of black activists)

500,000

40%

Mary McLeod Bethune

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) created _____

blacks MAJOR beneficiaries - in Philadelphia ____% of FERA aid to blacks but only make up ___% of population

___% of all blacks benefitted from FERA aid

1933

40%, 13%

25%

FERA suffers from discrimination at local level - in Atlanta relief checks of $___ were given to whites but only $____ to blacks monthly

$32.66, $19.29

Social Security Act in _____

pensions to elderly - blacks did benefit BUT excluded __% of all black Americans by profession

1935

65%

Fair Labour Standards Act in _____

but agriculture excluded as well as low skilled jobs hurting blacks

1938

Federal Housing Administration ____

established “____” process which made it harder for blacks to take out mortgage to buy house

worsening Jim Crow segregation of housing

1934

“redlining”

Southern Democrats filibuster Costigan-Wagner anti-lynching bill in ____

1934

Breedlove vs Suttles _____

confirms legality of poll tax - disenfrachisement not addressed

1937

example of continuing Jim Crow in the south:

only _____ in _____ libraries in the south served black Americans

one in seven

repeated re-election of racist white Southern Democrats leads to more. influence in Congress due to seniority system

e.g. __________ chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and oversaw discrimination in Social Security Act 1935

Pat Harrison

ONLY example of FDR intervention: executive order _____ banning racial discrimination in defence industry in ______

only as a result of threatened march on Washington by __________

8802, 1941

A Phillip Randolph

shifting voter patterns:

first black Democrat elected to Congress ________ from Chicago in ____

Arthur W Mitchell, 1934

Earl Warren appointed chief justice of Supreme Court

1953

Brown vs Board _____

BUT de facto change slow: only ___% of blacks in mixed schools by 1957

1954

3%

Little Rock ____

Eisenhower send ____ troops to protect ___ black students and force school desegregation

1957

1,000, 9

Browder vs Gayle ______

key to success of __________

1956

MBB

Boynton vs Virginia ______

de facto change only brought about by Freedom Rides in _____

1960

1960-61

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955-56

Birmingham Campaign

televised white brutality under police chief _______

publicity evidenced: who has MLK released from jail?

1963

Bull Connor

JFK

Selma march _____

pressure on LBJ to pass VRA especially because of __ deaths

1965

4

March on Washington ___

show of unity of CRM

1963

SNCC established in ____

1960

Sit ins beginning in _______, ____ in _____ achieve real change

by end of 1961 _____ towns in south desegregate lunch counters/public areas

Greensboro NC 1960

810

Grassroots growth of CRM encouraged by SNCC:

Mississippi voter registration drive ____-_____ culminating in Mississippi Freedom Summer

_ young activists murdered by segregationists

1961-64

3

CORE (established ____):

Freedom Rides ____-_____ on interstate buses from Virginia to Mississippi

turn Boynton vs Virginia into de facto change - JFK gov order enforcement

1942

1960-61

LBJ role in breaking ___ day filibuster in Senate led by Southern Democrat __________

57, Strom Thurmond

Civil Rights Act passed _____

outlaws all segregation in public spaces in South = real change

_____ of towns in Mississippi and Alabama forced to desegregate immediately

1964

2/3ds

Voting Rights Act _____

number of black voters registered in the South goes from ______ to _______ by 1968

1965

1m to 3.1m

Fair Housing Act _____

But limited change to northern ghetto conditions

1968

Black unemployment in 1968: _____% (double whites)

___% of blacks live below poverty line at end of 60s

7.8%

40%

Watts LA riots _____

__ dead

__ arrested

1965

34

3,500

Detroit riot _____

____ dead

_____ arrested

1967

43

7,231

Whites banned from:

SNCC ____

CORE ____

1966

1968

black panther party formed ____ in Oakland CA

free breakfast program ____ shows evidence of black poverty

SNCC merge with black panther party ____

1966

1967

1968

MLK northern failures example

Chicago Freedom Movement 1966

Obama election to US senate (for Illinois)

2004

When on senate:

build foreign policy resume because ______

voted liberal __% of the time

Seat on foreign relations committee

95%

Audacity of Hope published

2006

Keynote speech at Democratic National convention in

2004

Anti-Iraq war speech (BEFORE war started in 2003 - example of his integrity)

2002

Bush approval ratings __% by end - Obama plays up change from Bush

27%

Obama outlines emergency economic plan in Flint, Michigan speech

2008

Use of social media and internet to attract young voters - ___% of 18-29 yr olds voted Obama

66%

Obama outspends Hilary Clinton $____ to $____

$6.9 million to $4.2 million

choice of Joe Biden = experience to balance out his lack - senator for Delaware since ____

1973

Obama outspends McCain in key swing states by ____

4 to 1

Urban population of blacks x___ after emancipation

x3

slow drift north 1880-1910 - how many blacks leave South

500,000

1st Great Migration 1915-25 - how many move South to North?

1.25m

How many blacks move into Harlem during 1GM AND equal number of whites move out

100,000

How many leave south after 2nd Great Migration?

how many new jobs created by WW2?

2m

17m

1st Levittown opens and where

1947 NY

Rust Belt decline - Detroit jobs fall from ____ in 1947 to ____ by late 70s

330,000 to 150,000

Only __% of black children attend segregated schools by end of Nixon tenure in 1974

8%

by 2009, __% of black Americans lived in the South, largest % since 1960

57%

restrictive covenants introduced in Chicago

1921

Chicago riot ____ in South Side

__ dead

1919

38

Tulsa race riot ___

__ dead

1921

300

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by _______ published _____

sold ___ copies in 10 years - 2nd most popular book of 19C after Bible

Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852

2 million

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by _____ published ____

Mark Twain 1885

Gone With the Wind by _____ published ____

won Pulitzer Prize the year after

Margaret Mitchell 1936