tables

Bordetella pertussis Signs

Causes pertussis (whooping cough

Bordetella pertussis Symptoms

catarrhal stage displays cold symptoms, runny nose, paroxymal stage uncomfortble cough that cause blood vessels to burst in the eyes, vommitting seizures and small brain hemorrhages.

Bordetella pertussis Epidemiology

Most cases of disease are in children

Bordetella pertussis Pathogenicity

Adhesins and toxins mediate the disease • Pertussis toxin • Adenylate cyclase toxin • Dermonecrotic toxin • Tracheal cytotoxin – Bacteria inhaled in aerosols multiply in epithelial cells

Bordetella pertussis diagnosis

Pertussis symptoms usually diagnostic

Bordetella pertussis Prevention

Immunization with diphtheria, tetanus, attenuated pertussis (DTaP) or Tdap vaccine

Bordetella pertussis Treatment

Primarily supportive

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Signs

Infections can occur outside the reproductive tract
– Cause proctitis, pharyngitis, and gingivitis
▪ Infection of the cornea or respiratory tract of newborns can
occur during childbirth.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Symptoms

Gonorrhea in men – Inflammation causes painful urination and pus-filled discharge ▪ Gonorrhea in women – Often asymptomatic – Can trigger pelvic inflammatory disease

Neisseria gonorrhoeae epidemiology

Most cases in the United States occur in
adolescents
• Cases have declined over the past decades
– More common in females than in males.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenicity

Only occurs in humans.

 

Sexually transmitted disease
• Increased risk of infection with increasing
sexual encounters Gonococci adhere to the genital, urinary, and
digestive tract

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Diagnosis

Asymptomatic cases identified with genetic probes
– Gram-negative diplococci in pus from inflamed penis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae prevention

Sexual abstinence, monogamy, and proper condom use
– Eye infections in newborns prevented with antimicrobial

Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment

Broad-spectrum intramuscular cephalosporin

Neisseria meningitides signs

Meningitis can cause death within 6 hours of symptoms ▪ Meningococcal septicemia can also be life threatening

Neisseria meningitides symptoms

Can be normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract

Neisseria meningitides epidemiology

Most common cause of meningitis in individuals under 20 years of age

Neisseria meningitides pathogenicity

Bacteria transmitted by respiratory droplets among people living in close contact

Neisseria meningitides diagnosis

– Rapid diagnosis critical – Gram-negative diplococci in phagocytes of the CNS

Neisseria meningitides prevention

– Asymptomatic carriers make eradication unlikely
– Vaccine against some meningococcal strains is
available

Neisseria meningitides treatment

– ceftriaxone

Yersinia pestis signs

bubonic and pneumonic plague

Yersinia pestis

swollen lymph nodes cause buboes in/on skin
Without treatment- 60% mortality rate

-black death

Yersinia pestis

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) signs

Causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, massive watery diarrhea

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
Signs and Symptoms

Diarrhea in children, travelers, and AIDS patients
Pili adhere to intestinal epithelium
Produce enterotoxins
Grow in aggregations (bricklike) in thick mucus-association biofilm

Symptoms of E.coli

-Bloody, severe diarrhea
-Severe abdominal pain
-Vomiting
-Little or no fever

Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogenicity

Associated with consumption of undercooked ground beef or contaminated milk or fruit juice

E.coli 0157:H7 Prevention

thoroughly cooking meat, avoiding unpasteurized milk and juices, washing hands.

E.coli 0157:H7 Diagnosis

Detected in stool' when blood is present request a test for E.coli.
No evidence that antibiotics improve the course of the disease
Anti-diarrheals should be avoided

Haemophilus influenzae signs

Conjunctivitis, sinusitis, dental abscesses,
meningitis

haemophilus influenzae pathogenicity

Common cause of meningitis prior to vaccination

Haemophilus influenzae treatment

Hib vaccine has eliminated most disease by H. influenzae in the United States

Enterobacteriacea (CREs) epidemiology

Intestinal microbiota of most animals and humans – Ubiquitous in water, soil, and decaying vegetation

Enterobacteriacea (CREs) pathogenicity

Variety of antigenic components
– Membrane components
– Protein and polysaccharide capsular antigens
– Used to distinguish among strains and species
▪Numerous virulence factors
– Some common to all genera and others are
unique to certain strains

Enterobacteriacea (CREs) dignosis

Enteric bacteria in urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid – Biochemical tests rapidly identify enteric bacteria

Enterobacteriacea (CREs) prevention

– Good personal hygiene and proper sewage control

Enterobacteriacea (CREs) treatment

– Diarrhea is typically self-limited – Internal infections treated with antimicrobials

Chlamydia trachomatis signs

Lymphogranuloma venereum Nongonococcal urethritis Proctitis Ocular disease

Chlamydia trachomatis symptoms

-
Initial genital lesion is followed by formation of buboes
• Buboes may enlarge and rupture producing draining
sores
• Most infections in women are asymptomatic
• Reinfection may cause pelvic inflammatory disease

Chlamydia trachomatis epidemiology

Enters the body through abrasions and lacerations ▪ Infects the conjunctiva and various mucous membrane Endemic in poor communities without adequate personal hygiene, sanitation, or medical care

Chlamydia trachomatis pathogencity

Most common reportable sexually transmitted disease in U.S

Chlamydia trachomatis preventation

facial cleanliness, environmental improvements

Chlamydia trachomatis treatment

azithromycin & doxycycline

Treponema pallidum signs

Untreated syphilis

Treponema pallidum epidemiology

agent of syphilis

Endemic Causative

among sex workers, men who have sex
with men, and users of illegal drugs

Treponema pallidum patho

Pathogen of humans only

Transmission is almost solely via sexual contact

Treponema pallidum dignosis

antibody test against bacterial antigens.tertiary syphilis is difficult to diagnose

Treponema pallidum prevention

Abstinence and safe sex

Treponema pallidum treatment

Penicillin

Helicobacter pylori signs

Causes gastritis & most peptic ulcers

Helicobacter pylori symptoms

Most infections are asymptomatic.
-In some people it causes chronic gastritis & duodenal or gastric ulcers. These individuals are more likely to develop gastric cancer & mucosal-associated-lymphoid-tissue (MALT) lymphoma

Helicobacter pylori epidemiology

Numerous virulence factors enable it to colonize the stomach

Helicobacter pylori patho

ingestion of bacteria from contaminated hands, well water, or formites fo

Helicobacter pylori diagnosis

by a urease test & biochemical test for identifaction

Helicobacter pylori prevention

Good hygiene
▪Adequate sewage treatment
▪Proper food handling

H.pylori

Treat with antimicrobial drugs and drugs that inhibit
acid production

Campylobacter jejeuni signs

infections produce self-limiting bloody and frequent diarrhea diarrhea

Campylobacter jejeuni symptoms

loose or watery diarrhea or an inflammatory intestinal disease with fever

Campylobacter jejeuni epidemology

Likely most common cause of gastroenteritis in the usa United States

Campylobacter jejeuni patho

Humans infected by consuming contaminated food,
milk, or water
▪Poultry is the most common source of infection

Campylobacter jejeuni prevention

Widespread and difficult to remove completely, PROPER SANITATION, avoid unpasteurized milk and untreated surface water, Animal vaccine, and decontamination of water supplied to poultry, cook all poultry products to 165°F
wash hands with soap before preparing food, prevent cross contamination by using separate cutting boards, make sure that persons with diarrhea, especially children, wash their hands carefully and frequently with soap.

Campylobacter jejeuni treatment

Erythromycin or ciprofloxacin

Rickettsia rickettsii signs

Spotted fever rickettsiosis (Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rickettsia rickettsii symptoms

Rocky Mountain spotted fever – Most severe and common rickettsial illness

Rickettsia rickettsii patho

Hard ticks transmit among humans and rodents

Rickettsia rickettsii prevntion

Prevention involves avoiding ticks

Rickettsia rickettsii treatment

Treated with antimicrobials

Borrelia burgdorferi signs

lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi symptoms

Expanding red “bull’s-eye” rash occurs at infection site Neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction – Severe arthritis that can last for years • Result of the body’s immune response

Borrelia burgdorferi epi

Bacteria are transmitted to humans via a tick bite
– Hard ticks of the genus Ixodes are the vectors
▪Tick life cycle important in understanding spread of the genus lxodes are the vectors,tick life cycle spreads of lyme diease
Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi patho

lack iron containing enzymes and proteins

Borrelia burgdorferi dignosis

based on signs and symptoms and
serological tests

-Successful treatment is with antimicrobial drugs

Borrelia burgdorferi prevention

achieved by avoiding ticks

Preventive measure avoidaning lice and ticks, good hygiene,use of cehmical repellants

Borrelia burgdorferi treatment

Symptoms primarily result from the immune
response

Candida albicans signs

Thrush
Vaginitis (yeast infection)

Candida albicans symptoms

Creamy-white, curd like patches on tongue
Itching
Pain

Candida albicans patho

is one of the few fungi transmitted between individuals
individuals

Candida albicans prevention

-wear dry clothing
-practice good hygiene
-limit use of antiobiotics
-watch weight

Candida albicans treatment

fluconazole

Coccidioides immitis epi

Almost exclusively in the southwestern United States and northern mexico

Coccidioides immitis dignosis

based on presence of spherules in patient samples or a + coccidiodin skin test skin test

Coccidioides immitis prevention

Maintenance therapy can help prevent relapse in AIDs patients ,wearing protective masks in endemic areas can prevent exposure to spores

Coccidioides immitis treatment

Amphotericin B

Coccidioides immitis patho

Fungi in desert soil, rodent burrows, archeological
remains, mines

- Inhaled arthroconidia germinate into spherules in the lung

Coccidioides immitis symptoms

Many patients show no or few symptoms

Blastomyces dermitiditis symptoms

flu-like with fever, chills, a PRODUCTIVE cough, muscle, bone and joint pain. Also pleuritic chest pain.

Blastomyces dermitiditis epi

Endemic in southeastern United States north to canada, fungi found in soils rich in organic mattette

Blastomyces dermitiditis dignosis

A body fluid specimen or biopsy of affected tissue is taken and the fungal forms are looked at under a microscope.
The fungus is isolated.
Also blood test or sputum tests can be run to detect antibodies.

Blastomyces dermitiditis treatment

Itraconazole!

Histoplasma capsulatum sign

Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis - chronic cut,systemic histoplasma,ocular histopla

Histoplasma capsulatum symptoms

Most infections occur through inhalation of spores

-disperse the fungi beyond the lungs via blood & lymph

Histoplasma capsulatum epi

Most common fungal pathogen affecting humans

-Fungi found in moist soils containing high nitrogen levels

Histoplasma capsulatum patho

Found in the eastern United States, Africa, and South america

Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum

Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton signs

Infections of the skin, nails, or hair caused by keratin

Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton symptoms

(“athlete’s foot”) (“jock itch”)