Pharma lab midterms (antiparasitic)

ANTINEMATODALS

ANTINEMATODALS

Bensimidazole, organophosphate, tetrahydropyrimidine, imidothiazoles, piperazine cpmpounds, avermectins

Benzimidazole

Interferes w/ metabolism. Great efficacy against nematodes

Examples of benzimidazole

Albendazole, thiabendazole, oxibendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole, oxfen(ben)dazole, febantel

Febantel

Probenzimidazole (prodrug)

Organophosphate

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, narrow range of safety. Contraindicated in dogs w CHW

Tetrahydropyrimidine

Cholinergic antagonist, safe due to large rparticle size

Tetrapyrimidin example

Pyrantel embonate, pamoate or tartrate, morantel tartrate, fumarate, citrate

Imidazole (levasimole(

Stimulates cholinergic NS. Non-ovicidal. Effective for ascardis, pinworms, strongyles, hookworms. Can be used as micrifilaride

Piperazine compound (piperazine)

Blocks neuromuscular juncrion. Effect only on ascarids of dogs, cats, horses, poultry, and ruminants

Avermectin

Macrocylic lactones. Bind to Cl channels in invertebrate nerve and mm cells. Used cautiously in some breeds like collies, aus sheperd due to MDR1 gene mutatiob

Avermectin examples

Ivermectin(nematode, tick, fleas), milbemycin, selamectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, doramectin(convulsion)

ANTICESTODALS

Increases lermeability of cell membrane

Example of anticestodals

Pyrazine derivatives (praziquantel, epsiprantel)

Epsiprantel effective vs dipyllidium and taenia

ANTITREMATODALS example

Clorsulon, albendazole, praziquantel, triclabendazole

Clorsulon

Benzene sulfomide, inhibits tematode enzymes for energy production (effect vs fasciola helatica)

Albendazole

Interferes w/energy metabolism. Effective vs F.hepatica

Praziquantel

Increase cell membrane permeability effect vs lung trematodes of cats and dofs

Triclabendazole

Interferes w/ energy metabolism. Effec vs all stage of liver fluke

Dirofilaria immitis

Cause heartworm dss

Thiacetarsamide (arsenamide)

Adulticide for heart worm (no routinely longer used)

Melarsomine

Adulticide for heartworm, arsenic based. Less nephrotoxic &hepatotoxic

Ivermecton, milbemycin, levamisole

Microfilaricide for heartworm

AHS PROTOCOL

Doxycyline, prednisone, CHhW preventine, melarsomine

Pyrethrin and pyrethroids

Paralizes fleas, ticks, lice, mites

Example of pyrethrin

Permethrin, pyrethrin, D trans allethrin

Insect growth regulators

Mimics juvenile hormones, no adulticide act

Example of insect growtg regulators:

methoprene, pyriprpxyfen

Chitin synthesis inhibitora (lufenuron)

Prevents proper formation of chitin, prevent egg hatching

Neonicotinoids

Binds and inhibits nictotinic ach

Examples of neonicotinoids

Nitenpyram, dinoterfuran

Synergist

Increase efficacy of pyrethrins and pyrehtoids. Limited act vs arthropods

Example of synergist

Piperonyl butoxide, N octyl bicycloheptane dicarboximide

Imdaclorpid

Insect neurotoxin, kill fleas on contact

Phenypyrazole (fipronil)

Interferes with chloride channel, has residual effects after bath

Ach receptor agonist (spinosad)

Cause involuntary muscle contractions. Fast &long acting.

Semicarbazone (metaflumizone)

Blocks Na influx, se if licked: hypersalivation

Formanidines (amitraz)

Stimulate adrenergic act in parasite NS. For mangez scabies, tick, lice. Not for small dogs

Sulfurated lime solution

Antimicrobial, anti parasitic.

Repellents

Repel mosquitoes, flies gnats. Used in combo with pyrethrin. Sprays ear tags..

Repellent example

DEET, butoxypolypropylene glycol

Rotenone

Uncouples oxidatove phosphorylation. Toxic to fish

D limonene

Citrus peel extract, insecticidal activities, quick kill

Organiphosphate

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Organophosphates example

Coumaphos, fenthian, malathion, dichlorvos

Carbamates

Cholinesterase inhibitor ex: carbaryl proxur in cats and dogs. Bendiocarb in large animals

Isoxazolines

GABA Cl channel inhibitor

Isoxazolines example

Afoxolaner, sarolaner, fluralaner

ANTIFUNGALS

Polyene, imidazole, antimetabolic, superficial

Polyene antifungals example

Nystatin, amphotericin

Nystatin

For cadida albicans in GIT. topically for skin infection and crop mycoses

Amphotericin B

Iv or topical. Poor tissue penetration. Bastomycosis, aspergillosis, coccidiodes, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis

Imidazole antofungals example

Ketaconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole

Ketaconazole and miconazole

Vs bastomyces, coccidioides, cryptococcus, candida, histoplasma, microsporum, trichophyton, and malassezia

Itraconzaole

Oral antifungal against systemic mycoses (candida, aspergillus, cryptococcus, histoplasma, blaatomyces, and malasseizia

Fluconazole

Antimetabolic and imidazole. Better for cns infection against cryptococcus, blastomyces, histoplasma, malasseiza. Causes bone marrow depression

SUPERFICIAL ANTIFUNGALS

Griseofulvin, terbinafine,

Griseofulvin

Disrupts microtubule formation. Oral formulation. Administer with fatty meal. For ringworm

Terbinafine

Allylamine antifungal. For infections caused by dermatophytes and malssezia.