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Scar
Variable area of scar tissue formed during tissue repair
Keloid
Thickened area of scar tissue covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface
Sagittal
Parallel to the long axis
Midsagittal
Divides the body into equal left and right halves
Integumentary System
Consists of the cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
Cutaneous membrane
The skin, made up of the epidermis and dermis
Accessory structures
Nails, hair, and exocrine glands
Functions of the integumentary
Protection, temperature maintenance, nutrient synthesis and storage, sensory reception, excretion and secretion
Epidermis
Outermost layer of the skin, consisting of 5 strata: basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
Dermal blood cells
Provide nutrients to epidermal cells through dermal papillae
Carotene
Orange-yellow pigment accumulated in epidermal cells, can be converted into vitamin A
Melanin
Brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes, protects against UV radiation
Freckles
Small pigmented spots caused by greater-than-average melanin production, not cancerous
Dilation of blood cells
Causes skin to become flushed and red when body temperature rises
Cyanosis
Bluish coloration of the skin due to extreme cold or circulatory/respiratory disorders
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common skin cancer, looks like a waxy bump, originates from stratum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma
Less common skin cancer, involves superficial layers of epidermal cells
Malignant melanoma
Extremely dangerous skin cancer, begins from a mole, grows rapidly and metastasizes
Papillary layer
Consists of areolar tissue that supports and nourishes the epidermis
Reticular layer
Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, provides flexibility and limits damage to the tissue
Hypodermis
Connective tissue layer that attaches the dermis to underlying tissues, stabilizes the skin
Hair follicle
Contains dead keratinized cells
Arrector pili muscles
Muscles that pull on the hair follicle, causing the hair to stand up
Hair loss
Caused by drugs, dietary factors, radiation, fever, stress, hormonal factors
Hair color
Determined by type and amount of pigment produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla
Sebaceous glands
Exocrine glands that produce sebum, lubricates hair and skin, inhibits bacterial growth
Apocrine sweat glands
Secrete products into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic regions
Merocrine sweat glands
Discharge secretions directly onto the surface of the skin
Nail
Consists of nail plate, nail bed, nail root, and nail matrix
Stages of skin repair
1) Blood clot forms, 2) Fibrin network forms, 3) Epidermal cells migrate and debris is cleared, 4) Scar tissue forms
Scab
Temporarily restores integrity of the epidermis and restricts entry of microorganisms
Abrasion
Superficial skin injury that heals longer and involves a larger area
Granulation tissue
Combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillaries, involved in tissue repair
Collagen
Principal protein of skin, ligaments, cartilage, bone, and connective tissue
Age-related changes in the integumentary system
Skin injuries and infections become more common, immune system sensitivity decreases, muscles weaken, bone strength decreases, sensitivity to sun exposure increases, skin becomes dry and wrinkled, hair thins and changes color, ability to lose heat decreases, skin repairs proceed more slowly
Ventral
Belly side of the body
Dorsal
Back side of the body
Inferior
Below; at a lower level
Distal
Away from an attached base
Superficial
At, near, or relatively close to the body surface
Keratin
Protein produced in the stratum granulosum, provides structure to skin, hair, calluses, and nails
Constriction of blood cells
Causes skin to become pale
1st-degree burn
Superficial burn that affects only the epidermis
2nd-degree burn
Burn that affects the epidermis and may extend into the dermis
3rd-degree burn
Burn that affects all layers of the skin and underlying tissues
Transverse
Perpendicular to the long axis
Frontal
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Anterior
Front side of the body
Posterior
Back side of the body
Cranial
Relating to the head
Superior
Above; at a higher level
Caudal
Relating to the tail
Medial
Toward the body's longitudinal axis
Lateral
Away from the body's longitudinal axis
Proximal
Toward an attached base
Deep
Farther from the body surface
