A&P unit 3 - neurons and neurotransmitters (copy)

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69 Terms

1
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components of CNS vs PNS

CNS = brain, spinal cord

PNS = nerves, ganglia (bundles of nerves)

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Afferent nervous system

sensory neurons, go TO CNS

(afferent = arrive)

-somatic and visceral

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somatic sensory system

-afferent

-detect stimuli we consciously perceive

→ 5 senses, propioreceptors

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visceral sensory system

-afferent

-detect unconscious stimuli

→ signals from internal organs

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Efferent nervous system

initiate motor output FROM CNS

(efferent = effect)

→ somatic and autonomic motor systems

→ sympathetic and parasympathetic

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somatic motor system

-efferent

-send voluntary signal to skeletal muscles

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autonomic/visceral motor system

-efferent

-send involuntary signal to cardiac and smooth muscle

-includes sympathetic and parasympathetic

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sympathetic vs parasympathetic

sympathetic = fight or flight

parasympathetic = rest and digest

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afferent, efferent motor system diagram (photo)

knowt flashcard image
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nerve diagram

need to know

-epineurium

-perineurium

-endoneurium

-fasicle

<p>need to know</p><p>-epineurium</p><p>-perineurium</p><p>-endoneurium</p><p>-fasicle</p>
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neuron diagram

dendrites = receive input

-cell body/soma = integrate incoming signals

-axon hillock = trigger zone for new signal

-pre-synaptic terminals/axon terminals = send output to other cells

<p>dendrites = receive input</p><p>-cell body/soma = integrate incoming signals</p><p>-axon hillock = trigger zone for new signal</p><p>-pre-synaptic terminals/axon terminals = send output to other cells</p>
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What are the 5 characteristics of neurons?

1) excitability - respond to a stimulus

2) conduct signal across axon

3) secrete neurotransmitter

4) longevity - lasts across your lifetime

5) amototic - can’t do mitosis

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anterograde transport

move FROM cell body

-move newly synthesized material toward synaptic knob

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retrograde transport

move TO cell body

-moves used materials from axon for breakdown/recycling

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Fast axonal transport (image)

Kinesin = anterograde

Dynein = retrograde

*both require ATP

-move 400mm per day

<p>Kinesin = anterograde</p><p>Dynein = retrograde</p><p>*both require ATP</p><p>-move 400mm per day</p>
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slow axonal transport

-move 0.1-3mm per day

-flow of axoplasm (axon cytoplasm)

-only in anterograde direction (from body)

-moves enzymes, cytoskeletal components, new axoplasm

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multipolar neuron

-many dendrites

-1 axon

→ all motor neurons

<p>-many dendrites</p><p>-1 axon</p><p>→ all motor neurons</p>
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bipolar neuron

-1 dendrite

-1 axon

-soma in middle

→ sensory neurons of 5 senses

<p>-1 dendrite</p><p>-1 axon</p><p>-soma in middle</p><p>→ sensory neurons of 5 senses</p>
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unipolar neuron

-single short process from cell body → 1 axon

-one side of axon in peripheral direction (to PNS), one side in central direction (to CNS)

→ sensory neurons

<p>-single short process from cell body → 1 axon</p><p>-one side of axon in peripheral direction (to PNS), one side in central direction (to CNS)</p><p>→ sensory neurons</p>
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anaxonic neuron

-no axons

-dendrites come directly off cell body

→ interneurons

<p>-no axons</p><p>-dendrites come directly off cell body</p><p>→ interneurons</p>
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neuron input, output diagram

knowt flashcard image
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sensory neurons

-afferent (conduct input to CNS)

-unipolar and bipolar

<p>-afferent (conduct input to CNS)</p><p>-unipolar and bipolar</p>
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motor neurons

-efferent (conduct input from CNS to effectors)

-multipolar

<p>-efferent (conduct input from CNS to effectors)</p><p>-multipolar</p>
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interneurons

-in between afferent and efferent neurons

-receive and process info from other neurons

-multipolar or anaxonic

-make up 99% of neurons

<p>-in between afferent and efferent neurons</p><p>-receive and process info from other neurons</p><p>-multipolar or anaxonic</p><p>-make up 99% of neurons</p>
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components of glial cells

-non-excitable

-capable of mitosis

-protect & nourish neurons

-physical scaffold for neurons

-90% of cells in CNS

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what kind of cells do brain tumors form from?

glial cells → they are capable of mitosis and neurons are not

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Astrocytes

-most common glial cell

-form blood brain barrier

-structural support

-assist neuronal development

-occupy space of dying neurons

-regulate tissue fluid composition (ex. can regulate [K+])

<p>-most common glial cell</p><p>-form blood brain barrier</p><p>-structural support</p><p>-assist neuronal development</p><p>-occupy space of dying neurons</p><p>-regulate tissue fluid composition (ex. can regulate [K+])</p>
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Ependymal cells

-glial cell

-line cavities in brain and spinal cord

-cushion neurons and provide nutrients

-produce CSF of CNS

<p>-glial cell</p><p>-line cavities in brain and spinal cord</p><p>-cushion neurons and provide nutrients</p><p>-produce CSF of CNS</p>
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Microglia

-smallest glial cells

-phagocytic, immune system

-wander CNS and replicate during infection

-also remove debris

<p>-smallest glial cells</p><p>-phagocytic, immune system</p><p>-wander CNS and replicate during infection</p><p>-also remove debris</p>
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Oligodendrocyte

-very large glial cells

-form myelin sheath of CNS

<p>-very large glial cells</p><p>-<u>form myelin sheath of CNS</u></p>
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Neurolemmocytes

-glial cells

-Schwann cells

-form myelin sheath of PNS

<p>-glial cells</p><p>-Schwann cells</p><p><u>-form myelin sheath of PNS</u></p>
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synaptic plasticity / plasticity

neuron signal pathway can be strengthened or weakened over time depending on how much we use it → how learning happens

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post synaptic facilitation/inhibition vs

presynaptic facilitation/inhibition

post = EPSP/IPSP thru synapse

→it is axosomic = axon to soma of next cell, 2 cell action

pre = axoaxonal - axon release directly onto axon, 3 cell action

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postsynaptic facilitation/inhibition image

knowt flashcard image
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how does presynaptic inhibition work?

(ADD IMAGE)

cell B release NT → opens chem gated Cl- channel on Cell A

Cell A gets more negative → prevent Ca VGC opening → no new NT release onto cell C

result = AP is not transferred

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NT chemical structure category

1) Acetylcholine (ACH)

-needed for skeletal muscle contraction

-different structure than amino acid based categories

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NT chemical structure category

2) biogenic amines

-modified Amino acid

-decarboxylase takes carboxyl off an AA

-includes catecholamine and indolamine

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catecholamines

-subclass of biogenic amine

-has single ring catechol + R group

epinephrine

norepinephrine

dopamine

<p>-subclass of biogenic amine</p><p>-has single ring catechol + R group</p><p><u>epinephrine</u></p><p><u>norepinephrine</u></p><p><u>dopamine</u></p>
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indolamines

-subclass of biogenic amine

-has double ring indole + R group

histamine

serotonin

<p>-subclass of biogenic amine</p><p>-has double ring indole + R group</p><p><u>histamine</u></p><p><u>serotonin</u></p>
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NT chemical structure category

3) Amino acids

-unchanged form of AA acting as a NT

GABA - EPSP

glutamate - IPSP

glycine - IPSP

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NT chemical structure category

4) neuropeptides

-long chains of AAs

endorphins

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NT chemical structure image/graph

knowt flashcard image
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NT function category

effects


divided into excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

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NT function category

actions - Ionotropic

-NT directly opens ion channels by binding to receptor

-immediate postsynaptic effect

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NT function category

actions - Metabotropic

-NT indirectly causes response by binding to GPCR

-slower, but more diverse effects

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NT function image/graph

knowt flashcard image
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Acetylcholine synthesis

A) synthesis = acetate + choline, then gets stored in vesicles. released when AP signal

-more signal → more ACH release

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Acetylcholine removal

B) removal from cleft = acetylcholinesterase breaks ACH into acetate and choline. binds to muscarinic receptors

-type of muscarinic determines if it’s EPSP or IPSP

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how do MAOI’s work?

“monoamine oxidase inhibitors”

monoamine oxidase = enzyme that breaks down NT

→ MAOI inhibits this enzyme so NT doesn’t get broken down

→ more NT available = more released = more binding to post-synaptic cell

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How do tricyclics and SSRI’s work?

both block reuptake so NT stays in synapse longer = greater chance NT will bind to post-synaptic cell

→ tricyclics = serotonin & norepinephrine

→ SSRIs = serotonin ONLY

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What are the 3 types of Antidepressants?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Tricyclic

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How does an SSRI work?

They block the reuptake of Serotonin allowing it to continue to pass messages.

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How does an MAOI work?

They block the destruction of Neurotransmitters that are outside vesicles.

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How do Tricyclic antidepressants work?

They block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

They also act as antagonists for other receptors such as Histamine.

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Multipolar

All motor Neurons

<p>All motor Neurons</p>
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Bipolar

Sensory Neurons

<p>Sensory Neurons</p>
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Unipolar

Sensory Afferent Neurons

<p>Sensory Afferent Neurons</p>
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Anaxonic

Interneurons

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Name the Motor Proteins

Kinesin and Dynein

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3 Chemically Gated Channels

Cation

Cl

K

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Glutamate is what kind of NT?

Ammino Acid

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GABA is what type of NT?

Ammino Acid

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Glutamate is what kind of NT?

Ammino Acid

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Serotonin, Histamine, Dopamine are all kinds of what NT?

Biogenic Ammines

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Endorphin is what kind of NT?

Peptide

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Function of acetylcholine

Muscle Contraction

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Define Axosomatic

Inhibition/Facilitation occurs from the axon towards the Soma of the Postsynaptic cleft.

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Define Axoaxonal

Inhibition/Facilitation occurs at the axon of one of the competing nerves.