Civics unit 13 and 14 review

this is only chapter 14, it is not finished!!!

probable cause

evidence needed in order to obtain a warrant

Jus Soli

“law of soil”; Says you are legally a citizen if you are born here

legally

You must enter the country this way to become a citizen

segregation

separating one group from another

Discriminatory segregation laws that hurt African Americans?

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Jim Crow laws; Passed in southern states from post civil war times til 1968. Denied African Americans from obtaining jobs, voting, education etc. Those who deny laws would be jailed or killed

Illegal Alien

A person who comes into the U.S without a legal permit

types of legal permits

Passport, visa, green car, tourist visa( usually last about 90 days)

Alien

A person who lives in a country he or she is not a citizen

A refugee

A person fleeing their native country to escape prosecution or danger

treason

A crime that the punishment could be loss a ones citizenship

Jus Sanguinis

“Law of the Blood”; States that yo obtain citizenship through relatives or ancestors.

resident alien

A person from a foreign country who has establishes permanent residency

The fourth amendment

Right to no illegal searches or seizures

warrant

A legal document to search or to take evidence

unlimited immigration

Immigration policy is the early US to 1882

discrimination

Making judgments on superficial characteristics; race, gender, nationality

enemy alien

A citizen of a nation that the US is at war with

Gideon vs Wainwright

A supreme court case that involved the right to an attorney

The separate but equal doctrine

A legal doctrine created by Plessy v Ferguson

English

To be a US citizen you must be able to read and write in this language to be a citizens(There is some exceptions with age of foreigners, like elderly)

Expatriation

Voluntarily giving up your citizenship by leaving your birth nation

Plessy V Ferguson

A supreme court case hat created legal segregation. This case upheld the constitutionality of the separate but equal facilities based on race.

The sixth amendment

The amendment that guarantees your right to an attorney

Naturalization

The legal process of an alien becomes a citizen

American History

You need to pass this test to become a US citizen

Fifth Amendment

Right to not incriminate ones self (Think… I plead the Fifth)

Miranda v Arizona

A supreme court case that involves the right to not incriminate ones self (Think.. this is where you ____ rights come from)

What are some your Miranda rights?

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* Anything you say can and will be used against you in court
* You have the right to have an attorney present and during future questioning
* If you cannot afford an attorney one will be assigned for you free of cost

Brown v Board of education

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A supreme court case that outlawed segregation public schools. (Ruby Bridges was selected to attend a all white school after this case.)

* importance: This was the end of racial segregation in schools. This also ruled that things set in place by case Plessy v Ferguson were unconstitutional.

Nonresident alien

A person who intends to stay in the us for a short periods of time

Nationality/ National origins

This was the basis of immigration policy 1923-1968. (Think the US was discriminatory of Asian Americans because of their ___)

Fourth Amendment

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states that people can be secure in their homes, papers and property without searches or seizures without warrants

* importance: protects people from unreasonable and/ or illegal searches/seizures and protects privacy.

fifth amendment

guarantees that a person cannot be compelled by the government to give up incriminating information

* Importance; Gives you the right to refuse to answer questions that could make an innocent person look guilty of a crime they did not commit, also you are entitled to know your Miranda rights

sixth amendment

says that you have the right to be represented by an attorney, a fair and speedy public trial , unbiased jury, to be informed of what you are being accused of

* Importance; you can be represented by a professional that can prepare for the trial and what you are being accused of.
* The jury cannot have prior opinions that effect the result of the trial

exclusionary rule

Prevents the use of illegally obtained evidence from being used in court

* importance: Keeps officers in check and enforces the use of warrants and legal searches.

Probable Cause

Police officials have a reason to obtain a search warrant or seize and search because suspected evidence will be produced

* Importance: Gives clues that crimes are being committed or have been committed, helps prove to judges that a warrant is needed.

a warrant

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A type of authorization that allows a law enforcement official to make an arrest, search property, approved by a judge.

* Protects people from unlawful arrests, illegally obtained evidence/ searches, secures privacy.

Gideon v Wainwright

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Gideon was being accused of breaking and entering and burglary, when he went to trial he was denied to be represented by an attorney.

This proved for a constitutional, fair and speedy trial it was necessary for all people facing incrimination to be able to be represented by an attorney. This changed the law from only allowing death row inmates getting the representation of an attorney, to all criminals being able to have representation.

Plessy V Ferguson

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A case that basically said that racial segregation laws were not unconstitutional, then separate but equal was created to say that if people had to be in segregated they needed the same things and opportunities for both groups.

Separate but equal

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Separate but equal was from Plessy v Ferguson to say that if people had to be segregated they needed the same things and opportunities for both groups.

* This is important because it ensured that colored and white people could have the same jobs, houses, etc.

14th amendment

Rights cannot be taken away without due process of law comes from the ___ amendment

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lemon test

Used to determine if gov. aid to religious institutions is unconstitutional

establishment clause

The Prohibition of government interference with freedom of religion

Federal communication commisiosn

The ___ Regulates radio and television

Seditious speech

If you encourage People to start a revolution you can be punished for ___.

restricted speech

* seditious speech
* defamatory speech
* fighting words

seditious speech

Speech that indicates someone/group could over throw the government

* Example; Eugene V Debs encouraged the public to not allow access to military recruiting center

defamatory speech

Type of speech that hurts character and reputation.

Types of Defamatory speech- Libel(written) Slander(verbal)

* Example: if a person says they steal from businesses and that person goes to get a job and cannot this could be sued for defamatory speech

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fighting words

Speech face to face that indicates that could lead to violence. Like discriminatory comments or threats.

* Example: A man says a racist quote about threatens his family- this would be illegal.

prior restraints

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Censorship of information before publication is called?

bill of rights

where the constitution of the US guarantees basic rights

picket

what labor unions have the right to

first amendments

where the freedoms we studies in this chapter are

James Madison

who authorized and promoted the bill of rights

sequester

the isolation of a jury during atrial from all outside influences

Spokes V Tennessee

Church and States case

* Dover Area school district, intelligent design case was modern version of this case

Freedom of association

Allows political parties, interest groups to influence the action of the government

Types of protected speech

* symbolic
* pure

symbolic speech

A type of speech that is unspoken and unwritten and is protected by the first amendment.

* flag burning
* burning draft cards
* wearing political armband

pure speech

Type of speech that is spoken that is covered by the first amendment.

incorporation

Extended the bill of rights to include all levels of government

church v states

The government buying bibles for s religious school would be a violation of

Vietnam war

During this time the government attempted to get the new York times hide information

example of libel

The prior restraints New York times court case- the Nixon Administration attempted to prevent the New York Times and Washington Post from publishing materials belonging to a classified Defense Department study regarding the history of United States activities in Vietnam

The lindenberg case

The lindenberggs 20month old was stolen, the press tried to cover it.